The Tort Law Effect On Victims Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3523 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Tags: Tort Essay Did you like this example? The word tort is derived from the latin word tortus, meaning a wrong. Tort law is the law concerned with allowing the victims of harmful actions, whether caused deliberately or by negligence to claim compensation. In order to advise Shane who, if any one, he can sue for compensation for his injuries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Tort Law Effect On Victims Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order It is important to discuss what roles the other parties played in the accident. Warne is an employer of an independent contractor (Hingis Ltd) who are a firm specialising in tree management. When an individual causes injury directly to another they will be liable for the tort committed. But when a person is liable for a tort committed by another it is called vicarious liability. For example if an employers, employee commits an act while at work then the employer can be held vicarious liable. Generally an employer or client in this case is not held vicariously liable for tort committed by independent contractors. The claimant normally will have to sue the contractor. However there are exceptions to the rule if the circumstances are an extra-hazardous activity. For example in Honeywill and Stein v Larkin Bros Ltd (1933) Honeywill engaged Larkin to take photographs of the interior of a cinema. Larkin used a flashlight which involved the ignition of magnesium powder. The came ra was placed too close to a curtain on the stage and the entire theatre caught fire. The Court of Appeal held that the taking of photographs in this way was an extra-hazardous activity for which Honeywill could not delegate responsibility to the photographer, and thus remained liable to the owners of the cinema for the damage caused. In Salsbury v Woodland (1969) a case which is very similar to our case. The owner of a house employed a tree-felling contractor to remove a large tree in his front garden. The contactor removed the tree in a negligent manner which broke a pair of telephone wires running across the garden which left the wires in the road causing an obstruction. Salsbury went into the road to remove the wires when a car approached at speed. Salsbury, realising that a collision was inevitable, threw himself onto the grass verge but his fall caused a tumour in his spine to bleed which brought about paralysis. Salsbury sued the house owner, the tree contractor and the ca r driver. The Court of Appeal held that the general rule should apply; namely that the householder should not be liable for the negligence of the tree contractor who was an independent contractor. The removal of the tree was not work of an inherently dangerous nature and could not be treated as an exception to the rule within Honeywill doctrine. From this case it concludes that Warne should not be liable because it was not foreseeable the contractor would mismanage the work and he acted reasonably by employing a specialist tree contactor. Hingis Ltd Hingis are a specialist tree contactor who have mismanaged the work and broke the telephone wires leaving them trailing across the road. A firm specialising in tree management should know the risks of branches hitting telephone wires that are close by. The tort of negligence can be summarised as: the defendant must owe duty of care to the claimant the duty must have been breached the breach must be the cause of the claimants damage or loss Hingis had a duty of care to other people around them which is called the neighbour principle and was established in the Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) case. Lord Atkin said that you have a duty of care owed to your neighbour in law. Lord Atkins response to the question Who is my neighbour? from the lawyer is You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be-persons who are so closely and dire ctly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question From this case it was established that if a duty of care does not already exist, a reasonable man will owe a duty of care not to injure those whom it can be reasonably foreseen would be affected by their actions. When Hingis cut down the tree which brought down the telephone wires they breached this duty of care; as a professional this should not have happened. In Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957) a doctors professional judgement was made that another substantial body of other doctors would not have made and from this the House of Lords laid down standards that are expected of professional people. Could Hingis have reasonably foreseen that the tree would bring down the telephone lines? I think that as professionals they should have foreseen this. In The Wagon Mound case the op inion of the Privy Council was that a person is responsible only for consequences that could reasonably have been anticipated. Martina/Shane Martina was driving her car around the corner at speed when she hit Shane. Section 1 (1) of the Contributory Negligence Act 1945 says Where any person suffers damage as the result partly of his own fault and partly of the fault of any other person or persons, a claim in respect of that damage shall not be defeated by reason of the fault of the person suffering the damage, but the damages recoverable in respect thereof shall be reduced to such extent as the court thinks just and equitable having regard to the claimants share in the responsibility for the damage The fact that Shane would not have been in the road if Hingis Ltd did not make the telephone cables trail dangerously in the road. I feel that it is a little unfair to blame Martina completely for hitting Shane. In Gregory v Kelly (1979) the claimant was held to be contributory negligent when travelling in a car when he knew that the footbrake did not work. In this case it is clear that the claimant was contributory negligent but in our case it is not clear cut. On the other hand Martina owes a duty of care to other road users and pedestrians, and therefore could be liable regarding any lack of duty of care. As she was perhaps driving too fast and the incident was around a corner where she obviously could not see clearly around. Shane as the reasonable man faced with an emergency of a potential traffic accident, took an instinctive decision to lift the wires to the side of the road. Shane could be referenced to a rescue case in law called Cutler v United Dairies (London) (1933) in which the claimant was injured trying to help the driver of a milk float whose runaway horse had come to rest safely in a field. The court held that the danger was over by the time the claimant carried out his heroics. The horse as I see it is the equivalent of the wires on the road in our case. Volenti non fit injuria is a rule that means a person cannot usually sue for damages when he consented in the fi rst place to whatever it was that caused the damages. If someone willingly placed themselves in a position where they may be harmed, they cannot then sue if harm does in fact happen. It could be argued that Shane as someone with a pre-existing back condition go into the middle of the road to remove the wires? The volenti only applies to the risk which a reasonable person would consider them as having assumed by their actions. Rescuers are unlikely to be held volenti if they sue the person who originally created the danger. In Harrison v British Railways Board (1981) the court said that an injured rescuer could sue the person who created the danger. The rescuer was found to be contributory negligent for not following established work procedures. Conclusion My view is that Hingis is certainly negligent for the mismanaged work, but they could not have foreseen that a member of the public would run out into the road to remove the wires. Martina is negligent for not driving with due care and attention to other road users, as she should not have been driving to a speed which would not allow her time to stop if something or someone was in the way. For example it could have been a child which had run out in the road and she needed to stop quickly. Although Shane acted completely recklessly by removing the wires when a reasonable man may have just stopped the traffic and called for assistance. He could sue both Hingis and Martina which would lead to multiple tort feasers. If he was to sue only Hingis he would leave Hingis the choice to sue Martina for contributory negligence. QUESTION 2 Victor The building operations that disturb Victor in the early mornings and during the afternoon, when he is trying to give piano lessons are due to Montgomery construction Ltd carrying out renovation work on Davids house. This falls into a category of nuisance in the law of tort. This is the unlawful interference directly or in directly with a persons land. The interference must be within circumstances that a reasonable person cannot be expected to tolerate which is a very difficult and complex decision by the courts to reach. Nuisance has four different categories: Trespass Private nuisance Public nuisance Statutory nuisance Victors case is one of private nuisance as it is a neighbours property as outlined in the case of Spicer v Smee (1946) when the judge said Private nuisance arises out of a state of things on one mans land whereby his neighbours property is exposed to danger. A balance must be maintained between the right of the occupier to do what he likes with his own home, and the right of his neighbour not to be interfered with. In Christie v Davey (1893) Christie and Davey were neighbours. Christie was a music teacher that gave lessons and sometimes held musical parties. Davey objected to this, and retaliated by blowing whistles, banging on metal trays, shouting, and generally making a noise to disturb the music. An injunction was granted to Christie as Daveys conduct was purely malicious and was therefore unreasonable. In Andreae v Selfridge Co Ltd (1937) Selfridges failed to keep the noise and dust of building work to a minimum are were found negligent as they had conducted its operations in such a way noise and dust had interfered with the reasonable and comfortable occupation of Andreae on her premises. The contractor must take proper precautions, and see that the nuisance is reduced to a minimum as Andreae had suffered damages. If Victor can prove that his students are not having lessons with him due to the noise than m aybe he could have a case where he could claim damages to his business due to the building work noise as in the Andreae v Selfridge Co Ltd case. I think Victor is over sensitive because he would have a tuned ear to noise as a piano teacher. The majority of people would not be adversely affected by construction work to a neighbours property although they may be inconvenienced. The piano lessons in question are similar to the case McKinnon Industries v Walker (1951) where fumes from the defendants factory damaged delicate orchids. As the fumes would have damaged flowers of ordinary sensitivity there was a nuisance. The court ruled in favor of the plaintiff because his right to enjoy his land had been damaged and therefore could also claim protection for his more unusual and sensitive activities. The standard of tolerance is that of the normal neighbour but a plaintiff has a case in nuisance for damage even if he is abnormally sensitive. I conclude that the best Victor is likely to achieve in court is a restriction on the early morning working hours on the site. David and Montgomery Construction are not liable for the noise as a private nuisance. The work is temporary and the complainant is sensitive. Victor as a piano teacher seems to be over sensitive to noise and the noise is just a short term issue. Christine This falls under occupiers liability acts (OLA) 1957 and 1984 an occupier of premises owes a common duty of care to all lawful visitors. The definition of an occupier was discussed and clarified in Wheat v E Lacon (1966) when Lord Denning defined the occupier as a person who has sufficient control over the premises to the extent that he ought to realise that lack of care on his part can cause damage to lawful visitors. He said: Wherever a person has a sufficient degree of control over premises that he ought to realise that any failure on his part to use care may result in injury to a person coming lawfully there, then he is an Occupier and the person coming lawfully is his Visitor and the Occupier is under a duty to his Visitor to use reasonable care. In AMF International Ltd v Magnet Bowling Ltd (1968) the contractor was to provide and install valuable timber and other specialised bowling alley equipment. On July 21, 1964 an exceptionally heavy rainstorm flooded the build ing and the timber for the building work was seriously damaged. The court held that the contractor and the building owner were both occupiers of the building. In the OLA 1957 an occupier must be prepared for children to be less careful than adults (s2(3)(a)). Therefore, if an occupier admits children to the premises the child visitor must be reasonably safe as in Phipps v Rochester Corp (1955) the Defendant was not liable to a boy who fell into a trench while walking across open ground with his sister. This was not a breach of duty as reasonable parents will not permit young children to be sent into danger without protection. The OLA 1984 covers uninvited visitors or trespassers in (s.1(4)) it states that an occupier of premises owes a duty to another in of such a risk, the duty is to take such care as is reasonable in all the circumstances of the case to see that he does not suffer injury on the premises by reason of the danger concerned. In British Railways Board v Herrington (1972) the board was held liable for injuries to a six year old child who had been playing on the railway line. The House of Lords held that the occupier of the railway premises owed a duty of common humanity to the child. Until this case no duty of care was owed to trespassers. The Occupiers Liability Act 1984 was then extended after this to include a duty of care to trespassers). My advice to David and Montgomery Construction Ltd is that as one of them is the owner and the other is the builder they both are jointly occupiers of the premises and have control over the premises. Christine was a child trespasser who entered the building through an unglazed window. The site should have proper Heras fencing around it with all the correct signage for health and safety. The building itself should be fairly secure to stop trespass and for security. The window that Christine entered through should really have been boarded up. Referring back to the British Railways Board v Herrington case they could well be held liable for no duty of care to Christine. But it must be stated that the signage that is sufficient for adults is not good enough to apply to children. That is if a sign that states no trespassing for example is it considered inadequate for a child to understand and follow. Edgar Edgar was a lawful visitor to the site in question and under the OLA 1957 the occupier owes a common duty of care to him. Again both the contractor Montgomery and David may be considered to be the occupiers of the building. All visitors to sites are given an induction and told of all the health and safety risks on site. I feel Edgar should have been aware of the hazards on site after this and should take the necessary precautions associated with a building site. (s.2(4) OLA 1957 states: (a) where damage is caused to a visitor by a danger of which he had been warned by the occupier, the warning is not to be treated without more as absolving the occupier from liability, unless in all the circumstances it was enough to enable the visitor to be reasonably safe; and (b) where damage is caused to a visitor by a danger due to the faulty execution of any work of construction, maintenance or repair by an independent contractor employed by the occupier, the occupier is not to be treated without more as answerable for the danger if in all the circumstances he had acted reasonably in entrusting the work to an independent contractor and had taken such steps (if any) as he reasonably ought in order to satisfy himself that the contractor was competent and that the work had been properly done. I feel that wet plaster on the floor is not a sign of an incompetent tradesman but more of the nature of the job with plastering. Edgar was aware of the risks on site and any injuries sustained to him could be due to contributory negligence from lack of care. But if Edgar was on site without a site induction David and Montgomery could be held liable for duty of care to Edgar. QUESTION 3 The rule of Rylands v Fletcher (1868) is a tort of strict liability and was laid down from the case which caused harm by escapes from land used for hazardous purposes. The defendants employed a contractor to construct a reservoir on their land. When doing this water broke through the filled-in shaft of an abandoned coal mine and flooded connecting passageways into the plaintiffs active mine nearby. The defendants were held personally liable irrespective of fault. Judge Colin Blackburn said: We think that the true rule of law is, that the person who for his own purposes brings on his lands and collects and keeps there anything likely to do mischief if it escapes, must keep it at his peril, and, if he does not do so, is prima facie answerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its escape. He can excuse himself by showing that the escape was owing to the Plaintiffs default; or perhaps, that the escape was the consequence of vis major, or the act of God; but a s nothing of this sort exits here, it is unnecessary to inquire what excuse would be sufficient. This rule opens up an opportunity for the courts to apply all liability upon the owner of the land who had not intended for the escape and or damage. It is a good example of a loophole that allows the independent contractor to get away with negligence and the owner of the land is held accountable for everything. Strict liability is imposed under the liability for fire and to a degree for animals. Defences can be: If the claimant has consented Default of the claimant Act of a stranger Act of God Statutory authority Rylands v Fletcher is very useful where the defendant has done everything that he could possibly do to stop something happening. Word count: 3282 Biography Brewer Consulting Extra hazardous liabilities [online] Available at: https://www.brewerconsulting.co.uk/cases/CJ9619NE.htm [accessed 9th May 2009] WordPress Duty of care in torts'[online] Available at: https://www.legal-history.com/?p=42 [accessed 9th May 2009] The K Zone Bolam v Friern Hospital [online] Available at: https://www.kevinboone.com/lawglos_BolamVFriernHospitalManagementCommittee1957.html [accessed 10th May 2009] Law teacher The tort of negligence [online] Available at: https://www.a-level-law.com/tort/Negligence/Flowchart.pdf [accessed 10th May 2009] Office of public sector information Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 (c.28) [online] Available at: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1945/cukpga_19450028_en_1 [accessed 14th May 2009] Swarb Nuisance 1930- 1959 [online] Available at: https://www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/Nuisn19301959.php [accessed 14th May 2009] Fenwick Elliott nuisance and the builder [online] Available at: https://www.fenwickelliott.co.uk/files/docs/articles/html/nuisance.htm [accessed 14th May 2009] Loughborough University IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS [online] Available at: https://www2.ing.puc.cl/~icccon/abstracts/PDF/Track5/T5-P22.pdf [accessed 16th May 2009] Swarb Torts 1960-1969 [online] Available at: https://www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/TrtOt19601969.php [accessed 16th May 2009] Law teacher AMF International Ltd v Magnet Bowling Ltd [online] Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/neg15.htm/file-91.php [accessed 16th May 2009] Card,R. Murdoch, J. Murdoch,S.,2003. Estate management law. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Askey,S. McLeod, I., 2006. Studying Law. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Paper 6041 (2002) General liability, CEM Paper 6042 (2002) Direct and indirect interference with land, CEM Paper 6043 (2002) Negligence, CEM Paper 6044 (2002) Defective premises, CEM Paper 6045 (2002) Breach of statutory duty, CEM Paper 6046 (2002) Strict liability, CEM Mullis,A. Oliphant,K. 2003. Torts 3rd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan

List Of Participating Countries With The Four Assessment...

Participating Countries Table 3 below lists a complete list of participating countries with respect to each of the four assessment cycle years. Both countries and subnational entities are included such as U.S. states, Hong Kong-CHN, and Canadian provinces. 36 education systems participated in the PIRLS 2001, 45 in 2006, and a total of 57 education systems participated in PIRLS 2011. Some countries, such as Argentina, Greece, South Africa, and Turkey etc. participated only in one of the assessment cycles, while countries like England, France, Italy, and the United States and so forth participated in all four cycles. (Progress) Assessment Focus In PIRLS’s definition, reading literacy is the ability to understand and use those†¦show more content†¦We can see from table 4 that in total of 40% of the assessment is devoted to both focus on and retrieve explicitly stated information and examine and evaluate content, language, and textual elements. And the other 60% of the assessment is devoted to make straightforward inferences and interpret and integrate ideas and information. (Mullis, 2011) Design and Administration Carried out by the TIMSS and PIRLS International Center for Education at Boston College, the PIRLS 2011 is funded by the IEA. In terms of implementation of the assessment in the United States, the National Center for Education Statistics (Progress), in the Institute of Education Sciences at the U.S. Department of education holds accountable. Moreover, Westat and Pearson Educational Measurement are responsible for data collection in the United States. (Thompson, 2012) Three groups of target populations are identified in the process of sampling design. 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Imperialism Essay Thesis Example For Students

Imperialism Essay Thesis The word imperialism is now so loosely used that it has almost lost real meaning. It may be useful to offer a definition that might be widely accepted: the policy of extending a nations authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations. That definition seems to apply equally well to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and to the European performance in the late nineteenth century. But there were new elements in the latter case. Previous imperialisms had taken the form either of seizing land and setting it with the conquerors people or of establishing trading centers to exploit the resources of the dominated area. The New Imperialism did not completely abandon these devices, but it also introduced new ones. We will write a custom essay on Imperialism Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The usual pattern of the New Imperialism was for a European nation to invest capital in a backward country, to develop its mines and agriculture, to build railroads, bridges, harbors, and telegraph systems, and to employ great numbers of natives in the process. They thereby transformed the local economy and culture. To safeguard its investments, the dominant European State would make favorable arrangements with the local government either by loaning the rulers money or intimidating them. If these arrangements proved inadequate, the dominant power would establish more direct political control. Sometimes this meant full annexation and direct rule as a colony, or it could be a protectorate status, whereby the local ruler became a figurehead controlled by the dominant European State and maintained by its military power. In other instances, the European state established spheres of influence in which it received special commercial and legal privileges without direct political involvement. The predominant interpretation of the motives for the New Imperialism has been economic, in the form given by the English radical economist J.A. Hobson (1858-1928) and later adapted by Lenin. As Lenin put it, Imperialism is the monopoly state of capitalism, the last stage of the dying system. Competition inevitably eliminates inefficient capitalists and, therefor, leads to monopoly. Powerful industrial and financial capitalists soon run out of profitable areas of investment in their own countries and persuade their governments to gain colonies in backward countries. Here they can find higher profits from their investments, new markets for their products, and safe sources of raw materials. Facts do not support this viewpoint, however. The European powers did investment considerable capital abroad, but not in a way that fit the model of Hobson and Lenin. Britain, for example, made heavier investments abroad before 1875 than during the next two decades. Only a small percentage of British and European investments overseas, moreover, went to their new colonies. Most capital went into other European countries or to older, well-established areas like the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Even when investments were made in new areas, they were not necessarily put into colonies held by the investing country. The facts are equally discouraging for those who emphasize the need for markets and raw materials. Colonies were not usually important markets for the great imperial nations, and all these states were forced to rely on areas that they did not control as sources of vital raw materials. It is not even clear that control of the new colonies was particularly profitable, though Britain, to be sure, benefited greatly from its rule of India. It is also true that some European businessmen and politicians hoped that colonial expansion would sure the great depression of 1873-1896. Nevertheless, as one of the leading students of the subjects has said, No one can determine whether the accounts of empire ultimately closed with a favorable cash balance. That is true of the European imperial nations collectively, but it is certain that for some of them, like Italy and Germany, empire was losing propositions. Some individuals and companies, of course, made great profits from particular colonial ventures, but such people were able to influence national policy only occasionally. Economic motives certainly played a part, but a fully understanding of the New Imperialism requires a search for other motives. .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e , .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e .postImageUrl , .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e , .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e:hover , .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e:visited , .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e:active { border:0!important; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e:active , .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2f174bb8aadf239d78f9a8b5fea597e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tragic Heros and Things Fall Apart EssayAdvocates of imperialism gave various justifications for it. Some argued that the advanced European nations had a duty to bring the benefits of their higher culture and superior civilization to more backward peoples. Religious groups demanded western governments furnish political and even military support for Christian missionaries. Some politicians and diplomats supported imperialism as a tool of social policy. In Germany, for instance, some people suggested that imperial expansion would deflect public interest away from domestic politics and social reform. Yet Germany acquired few colonies, and such considerations played little if any role in its colonial policy. In Britain, Joseph Chamberlain (1836-1914), the colonial secretary from 1895 to 1903, argued for the empire as a source of profit and economic security that would finance a great program of domestic reform and welfare. These arguments were not important as motives for British imperial expansion because they were made well after Britain had acquired most of its empire. Another common and apparently plausible justification for imperialism was the colonies would attract a European countrys surplus population. In fact, most European emigrants went to areas not controlled by their countries, chiefly to North and South America and Australia. Bibliography:none included

The view that The Merchant of Venice is a comedy with tragic possibilities Essay Example

The view that The Merchant of Venice is a comedy with tragic possibilities Paper I consider The Merchant of Venice as a comedy with tragic possibilities mostly due to the melancholy ending which leaves the reader thinking whether what happened during the play could be considered morally good or not. Aristotle produced the first ideas about what a tragic and comic play were. Shakespeare altered this slightly but the Shakespearean model is still pretty much identical. I would define a comedy as everything a tragedy is not. In a tragedy all of the main action happens in one day and in that day there must be a revolution. Most of the time, the main character, or the tragic hero, is of noble birth or of high status so that when they die, which they most likely will, they fall far. This makes us feel sympathetic to the character. This happens as we let ourselves go through a, willing suspension of belief during the play, which makes us basically get emotionally involved in the play even though we know that the play is not real. A tragic play, because of this willing suspension of belief, excites the emotions of pity and fear. Pity is a synonym of sympathy and fear is felt due to the fact that we wonder what it would be like for us to be in that position and we are fearful of it. Catharsis, an idea of Aristotle which the audience feel they are watching the play. It is like a cleansing process as it teaches you not to become a murderer and so forth. It makes you into a better person. Whilst reading the merchant of Venice I felt Sympathy for Shylock and fear arose when Antonio was about to die. The play told me not to be criticising of others because of there beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on The view that The Merchant of Venice is a comedy with tragic possibilities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The view that The Merchant of Venice is a comedy with tragic possibilities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The view that The Merchant of Venice is a comedy with tragic possibilities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Merchant of Venice consequently has the characteristics of a tragedy. A comedy is therefore is a play in which the main character, the comic hero, prospers. The evil character therefore gets what is coming to him and usually dies. This was seen as a waste of time by Aristotle and I agree as in the end everyone is happy and there is no revolution. Pity and fear are not felt, and in its place is happiness. This means that there is not as much point in the play as things work out. When things dont work out we feel sympathy and we learn a lesson. This is the Catharsis which makes us a better person. Even though you may have Catharsis experienced in a comedy due to the fact that it tells you not to be the like the bad character, the catharsis from watching a tragic play is much greater. This is because we feel more intense emotions and it gets the audience thinking more about the issues in the play, whether they are social, cultural, legal, moral etc. The play has the basic layout of a comedy because you could say there is a comic villain, and a comic hero throughout the play but tragedy also comes into it as if you feel sympathy for Shylock he is the tragic hero. The comic characters in this play are Launcelot Gobbo and Old Gobbo. The Prince of Morocco and the Prince of Arragon can be seen as comic characters also for their extravagance and arrogance. The Prince of Morocco says he would Outbrave the heart most daring on the earth which is a very overconfident thing to say. In Act 2, Scene 2, Launcelot, referred to as the clown and Old Gobbo, his father, interact in a comic way. Due to the fact that Old Gobbo is blind and easy to fool Launcelot plays around with him and tricks him into thinking his son is dead even though he is talking about himself and is obviously not. Then when he tries to convince his father he is not dead, being the dim old man he is he says to Launcelot that he is sure you are not Launcelot my boy. This comic interaction continues but these characters are very minor, especially Old Gobbo as he does not appear at any other time unlike Launcelot who appears several times. However these are the most clearly comic characters as one is called a clown and one is very old and gullible. They may have been placed in the story to give the other characters some time to change, but mainly they are there to provide the audience with some comic relief. Launcelot would have been used to show that Shylock is a dull and unkind man as he leaves Shylock without a servant and becomes the servant of Bassanio who is portrayed as much kinder and interesting person. These comic characters would be used in a comedy. With these characters the play becomes much more light hearted and comic for the audience, creating a happy feeling of the play. The Prince of Morocco and the Prince of Arragon are also minor roles in the play. There are comic as they are seen as big-headed and very flamboyant as they say things like did I deserve no more than a fools head. This is when Arragon is trying to seem incredibly intelligent above others as he mocks a man who would go for the golden casket and comically for the audience it was Morocco who would went for the Golden casket. Morocco is very proud and believes he is very worthy of Portia because of how noble and rich he is. Arragon is slightly wiser yet still quite proud and also tries to impress Portia, but with words, not his reputation. These characters are comic but still have a role to play. They have to be the characters who try the casket game and fail. This leaves the reader or audience with the knowledge of which casket is the right one and makes it more exciting when Bassanio chooses the right casket. A comedy would include these characters as they bring a comic feel to the play due to their comically high opinions of themselves. To me there is only one clearly comic scene in the play as there are others which are partially comic but have serious issues displayed as well. For instance, the scenes with Morocco and Arragon fit this description as they are comic because of the way in which the Princes are very exaggerated, ostentatious and adoring of themselves. Morocco says that his reputation hath feared the valiant. However they also talk about important issues like racial issues when Morocco says to Portia not to immediately dislike him because of his complexion. They both talk in a very passionate and heartfelt way showing that they are there not purely for comic reasons. The clearly comic scene in the play is Act 2 Scene 2 as this is the scene with Launcelot Gobbo and Old Gobbo. As I said before Launcelot jokes with his father and tricks him as he is very easy to fool. Launcelot fools Old Gobbo into thinking that he is not Launcelot and that the Launcelot he speaks of has gone to heaven. Launcelot then tries to convince his father that he is really his son but Old Gobbo is not convinced until Launcelot mentions Margaret which is his mothers name. This interaction is all very light hearted and insignificant to the play but its function is to provide some comic relief for the audience and maybe give some time to the other actors to get changed and practice their lines and so forth. Also this kind of scene would be used in a comedy as I said before to make the play more light hearted, happy, and enjoyable. Shylock is a Jew and is therefore a minority in Venice. He is criticised for this and prejudices are formed against him about him being a bad man for being a Jew. He is put down by always being referred to as the Jew which would be very angering. During the play we feel mixed emotions towards Shylock. With the knowledge of what has happened to the Jews during the centuries we feel sympathetic to a greater extent towards him. However does he deserve this sympathy? Does he have the right to feel unhappy because he has been mistreated for being a Jew or is he really just a bad man who is deserving of these prejudices? When Antonio first meets Shylock we dont know whether or not to feel sympathetic towards him as he passionately speaks about how he is mistreated but he also backs up the reason for this treatment as he gives us a reason to believe he is tricking Antonio due to his incredibly kind jester of lending money to him without any interest at all, just the right to his flesh if he fails to pay him back in time. We are backed up about this view as Bassanio says that Shylock has a villains mind. When it comes to the court case, Shylock has had his daughter and his money taken away from him by a Christian, and his servant taken away from him by another Christian. He feels as if everyone he knows has turned on him and out of emotion he is desperate to kill Antonio by taking his flesh. Is he right to do such an awful deed because of how badly he feels, or is it unthinkable of a man who has had everything taken from him by Christians to take a Christians life. This has even signed a contract, and agreed to his own death if he does not pay it back, and then he doesnt? We are not sure whether or not he is a comic villain or a tragic hero which makes the classification of the Merchant of Venice as a comedy or tragedy harder. This helps the view that the Merchant of Venice is a comedy with tragic possibilities. It is up to the reader whether or not Shylock is a comic villain or a tragic hero. Most would portray him as a comic villain and there is a lot of evidence to agree with that. When considering Shylock as the comic villain, the comic hero must be Bassanio. People leave Shylock for Bassanio or other Christians including his servant, Launcelot, and his daughter, Jessica. Shylock must be an evil man if people despise him enough to leave him and call his house a house of hell, like Jessica did in Act 2 Scene 3. Ever since the start we have seen him as a cunning and devious person. We thought that somehow he must have an ulterior motive if he is lending Antonio a large sum of money without any interest, and taking a pound of mans flesh if it is not paid back. Even though his gesture this time is one interest free, Shylock is a very money greedy man. He makes money from others misfortunes as he is a money lender and he hates Antonio because he lends money interest free. His reason for this is a greedy one as he feels that he loses money if people lend money from Antonio and not from him. He values his money more than his daughter after she runs away with his Ducats. He cries My Daughter, O my Ducats, My Daughter which shows that he loves them both equally until he says he I would have her at my feet with the Ducats and Jewels in her ears. This tells us that he would have his own daughter dead if he could have his money back. He is not a merciful man as when asked to show mercy he doesnt and he uses Justice as a loophole for the right to kill Antonio legally. Shylocks evil, devious, greedy, sinister and merciless characteristics cause the reader to believe that he is a comic villain. Being a comic villain would make the play more a comedy than a tragedy and there would then need to be a comic hero, Bassanio. Maybe the reason why everyone hates Shylock is not because he is an awful man, but because he is a Jew. I believe that it is a spiral of hatred as Shylock feels he must be mean to others as he has been a victim of anti-Semitic behaviour, and more anti-Semitic become the Christians when Shylock is mean to them. Being fair to Shylock, in those days, being a money lender was all Jews could do at the time. This is because Jews were not allowed to do more respectful jobs and money lending is all that they could do to earn money. Shylock also is ganged up upon by most of the characters in the play and has everything of value taken from him. These include his Daughter, who leaves him for a Christian, and his money, which he has rightfully earned as he doesnt force people to lend from him. Also Launcelot has left Shylock to be the servant of Bassanio instead and Shylock is left with no one as his wife is deceased. You could call the Christians the evil ones as they are prejudice against Shylock and steal all things of value from him. If people have taken all of value from you, do you not deserve to feel hatred for them? Shylock does feel hatred towards the people who are against him and uses Antonio as a way to exact his revenge. No matter how sinister it is, he is made to feel like this by the people who in the courtroom case beg for his mercy. Could we see him therefore as a tragic hero? If he was a tragic hero then there would need to be a tragic villain, but who would this be? It would be a tragedy if there was a tragic hero and villain but as there is not, the Merchant of Venice can only have tragic possibilities. The end of the play is very melancholy. The resolution that should happen in the play for a comedy is that Shylock, the evil man in the play gets his just deserts when he is deserted by his daughter and loses the court case and with it all his remaining money. Also Jessica is now happy with Lorenzo, Portia is happy with Bassanio, Gratiano is happy with Nerissa, Launcelot is happy serving his new master and Antonio lives and becomes amazingly rich. Then again is this really the case? Shylock is a beaten, devastated man who even though he wanted to kill Antonio had a motive that the Jewish people would be happy for this revenge to take place. He ends up losing all his money, his daughter, his pride, his house and any friends he might have had because of this and there is still prejudice against him. Being a Christian person the others must feel some form of guilt towards Shylock for him being such a broken man. Jessica must feel sad for stealing Shylocks money and deserting him and her faith and siding with the Christians against him. Lorenzo doesnt understand why she might feel like this and that couple end up unhappy. Portia knows that Bassanio has given his ring away for Antonio, and that Antonio loves Bassanio. Consequently that relationship is quite awkward and unhappy. Nerrisa is also unhappy with Gratiano as he has given the ring away, and Antonio, even though he is rich again, is lonely, still loves Bassanio and is jealous of Portia. Thus nobody in the end is really happy. The Jews are still put down by the Christians and the other characters are unhappy with each other and unhappy about what they have done to Shylock. What should have been a comedy has turned out to be a comedy with tragic possibilities. So in conclusion is the merchant of Venice a tragedy or a comedy? I would agree with the view that the merchant of Venice is a comedy with tragic possibilities. It depends on whether or not you think of Shylock as a comic villain or a tragic hero. I would see Shylock as a comic villain in the play as he hates the Christians and in the end tries to kill one. Then again there is more to this as Shylocks hateful emotions towards the Christians has been a result of immense prejudice against him. The Christians stole his servant, his daughter, and with her his money and pride. After the court case, and his harsh punishment we cannot help but feel sympathetic towards Shylock. Even the characters that had hated him throughout the play now feel guilt and sympathy. Most of which comes from Jessica, who has deserted her father, stolen his money and sided against him. Therefore we could see Shylock as a tragic hero in some respects. The main feel of the play however is a comic one even if there are blatant elements of a tragedy involved in the play. For that reason I will conclude by saying that The Merchant of Venice in my eyes is indeed a comedy with tragic possibilities.

Fault and Event Tree

Introduction Fault Tree Analysis and Event Tree Analysis are hazard assessment tools that have been widely used estimate the likelihood of occurrence of accidents and other undesired losses in life’s events. They help identify and detect hazards in a system or facility and give a provisional evaluation of any scenario that may lead to events that can be considered potentially hazardous (Acharya et al. 1990).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Fault and Event Tree specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With increased sharing of information and the use of internet and computerization created a challenge that had to be handled: the challenge of security of these security models and intelligence that was to be shared. This then made the importance of the safety aspect in any industry become one of the main sources of its success. In search of security models and systems such tools like fault tree, event tree, fail ure mode effect analysis, and reliability block diagram emerged as a way to assess system’s safety. This paper is a detailed study of the concept of Fault Tree analysis and Event Tree Analysis with a focus on the safety injection system (SIS). Fault tree analysis refers to a graphical representation of an interaction of failures which lead to a defined top event. A Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is developed using a â€Å"top-down† approach, and is a powerful tool for modeling combinations of independent and common mode failures. They are used to capture both hardware and human errors. Event tree analysis, on the other hand, is a graphical representation of logic, showing how the time sequences of events develop. They can be multiple outcomes, and are mostly used with binary branches (Rechard 1999). In the fault tree analysis, minimum cut sets are crucial in pointing out leads to undesired events that may result to top-event. In the event tree analysis, the steps to be foll owed are: identifying the initiating event; identifying safeguards and then determining the outcomes; constructing event tree on the basis of all customers; classifying the outcomes in groups with consequences that are similar; quantifying branch probabilities; quantifying outcomes; and testing outcomes. Thus, an event tree is simply a graphical illustration of scenarios of events that are likely to result from an initiating-event.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Definition of the Problem The problem for which this system is designed is the problem of losing of coolant from a nuclear reactant plant. It is crucial to have a well operational system for a nuclear plant given the danger that the plant poses to the environment and the lives of those working on it and residing in its vicinity. It therefore crucial for every part of it to operate fully well and satisfactory wh ich means that failures of such a crucial place as the coolant is of great importance to the proper running of the system and its safety to those working on it (Gianni 2006). Description of the System together with its Schematic and Principle of Operations The illustration in figure 1 shows the safety injection pump flow paths. The major components of the system include the accumulators, the storage tanks, the pressure pumps, and the containment sump. The safety injection pump functions in two phases, the first being the injection or the suction from the tank into the reactor, and the recirculation phase wherein the pumps suck from the containment sump. They key objectives of a nuclear safety system includes shutting down the reactor, ensuring it remains shut down and preventing any discharge of radioactive materials in case of accidents or unfortunate events. A safety injection system makes use of the variations of the density of water in inducing natural circulatory flow (Hixenbau gh 1968). For nuclear power plants, a kind of emergency water system is important in cases where normal functioning may be lost or in cases where there may be an occurrence of a major breakdown. The safety injection pump system is a very important component in any given system especially in a nuclear power plant where a lot of heat is generated. The failure of a safety injection system thus has fatal implications to the system and an elaborate risk assessment is essential to contain the situation. The heat exchanger is also a vital part of the nuclear power reactor which is responsible for the cooling and therefore its failure is tremendous to the operation of the system. Schematic Description of the Coolant System: Reactor cooling systemAdvertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Fault and Event Tree specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 1 Data Sources and Assumptions for Reliability and Human Error Data Calculati on of Failure Probability In the calculation of the failure probability of the system, the test intervals that have been taken were done so at the interval of three months each. This information is shown in the table 1 below. This failure rate data was taken from books which contained quantitative risk assessment methods and the past research which have been conducted to determine probabilities of failures of the various components or the events in a given system identical to the one under study. Computation The computational formula was FP= FRD x time in hours/2 Given a test interval of three months, the time interval was taken to be 2190 hours, obtained as (365 days x 24 hours) x (3 /12 months) = 2190 hours For example, the failure probability (FP) for the RWST = 63E-6*2190/2 = 3.942E-3Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Where 22.456E-6 is the failure rate data for the core obtained from the available literature (Gertman and Blackman 1994). The rest of the computations are summarised below Basic Event Failure Mode Failure Rate: ï  ¬ Source Failure(ï  ¬ t /2) Probability RWST Ruptured 36 E-6 IAEA, TECDOC-930 3.942 E-3 High Pressure Safety Injection (HPSI) Pump(HPSIP) Failure to run 0.1467E-6 NPRD-95 2-224 1.606 E-4 Low Pressure Safety Injection (LPSI) Pumps(LPSIP) Failure to run 0.16E-6 Assumed 1.752E-4 HPSI Pump Orifice Bypass Valves(OBV) and Flow Orifices(FO) Failure to open 4.2 e-7/h WASH-1400 4.599 E-4 HPSI Header Injection Valves (HPSIHIV) Failure to open 3.9 e-7/ h Assumed 4.2705 E-4 Hot Leg Injection Valves(HLIV) Failure to open 3.9 e-7/ h Assumed 4.2705 E-4 Minimum Flow Line Isolation Valves(MFLIV) Failure to balance the flow 6.8e-6/h IAEA, TECDOC-930 7.446 e-3 LPSI Header Isolation Valves(LPSIHIV) Failure to function 2 e-6/h Assumed 2.2 e-3 Heat Exchange(HE) Rupture 2.1 e-6/ h IAEA, TECDOC-930 2.2995 e-3 LPSI Pump Suction Isolation Valves(LPSISIV) Failure to open 0.3e-6/h IAEA, TECDOC-930 3.285 e-3 Human Error (HERR) Error of commission WASH-1400 3 e-3 Power(P) Failure to supply required output Assumed 1.5 e.-4 Analysis Results and Conclusions The second column of the Table shows a brief description of the failure; column three shows the failure rate data obtained from available literature (Gertman Blackman 1994); the fourth column shows the assumed reference of the failure rate, while the last column displays the failure probability. Fault tree analysis logically explains how and why a failure might come about (Aven 2008). An appropriate design of a Fault Tree Analysis has to have specific elements that have to be done key of which are: The gate symbols and types should be set so as to represent fault tree logic A top-down approach ought to be employed Failure modes ought to be identified. The minimum cut set table makes use of AN D gates in computation of the probabilities. This means that all the components in Table 2 are AND gates and are therefore multiplied. Cut set values are obtained by multiplying probabilities of two related components in the system. These cut set values are very vital in fault tree analysis since they show trends for different fault points in a given system. Minimum cut sets for a simple fault tree such as this for an injection system could be directly determined â€Å"from the fault tree or from the associated reliability diagram† (Aven 2008, p. 75). However for more complex fault tree diagrams, computer programs can be written to compute it automatically. The probabilities of individual components in the system were obtained from Table 1. In this system, the following formula was applied (for the first cut set): (Probability of RWST) X( High Pressure Safety Injection Pump(HPSIP)) = the probability of time RWST with High Pressure Safety Injection Pump. For example, RWSTX Hig h Pressure Safety Injection (HPSI) Pump (HPSIP) = 3.942 E-3*1.606 E-4= 1.683e-7. Cut set values for the whole system are found in this manner. Cut set Probability Cut set Probability RWST.HPSIP 6.331e-7 HPSIP.HPSIHIV 1.683e-7 RWST.LPSIP 6.906e-7 HPSIP.HE 9.065e-7 RWST.OBV 1.813e-6 HPSIP.HLIV 1.683e-7 RWST.FO 1.813e-6 LPSIP.MFLIV 1.305e-6 RWST.HE 9.065e-6 LPSIP.LPSISIV 3.854e-7 HERR.P 4.5e-7 LPSIP.HE 4.029e-7 HERR.HPSIP 4.818e-7 HLIV.HERR 1.281e-6 HERR.LPSIP 5.256e-7 P.LPSIP 2.628e-8 HERR.HE 6.899e-6 RWST.P 5.913e-7 HERR.LPSISIV 6.6e-7 P.FO 6.899e-8 HPSIP.OBV 7.386e-8 LPSISIV.HE 9.820e-7 HPSIP.FO 7.38e-8 HPSIHIV.HE 9.064e-7 Total Probability 2.858 E-5 The total probability of failure to cool the RSWT on demand was found to be 2.858 E-5. This number will be the Total Probability TP. Fussel Vessely and Birnbaum Fussel vessely and birnbaum values play a critical role in fault tree analysis. These values also indicate probability of a risk in the system. The Fussel Vessely is obtained by adding all the probabilities containing a specific component in table 2 then dividing by the total probability TP found in table 2 (Ericson 1999). An example can be given as (Core.SIS) + (Core. SP)/TP= (1.676+1.536)E-5/4.673E-5=0.676 Birnbaum values are obtained by taking the sum of probability in table 2 and dividing by the specific component probability (Gianni 2006). For example, Core/TP= 22.44E-5/4.673E-5=0.481 (Lindsay 1997). Basic Event Fussel Vessely Birnbaum Core 0.685 0.481 Pressurizer (PZR) 0.043 0.016 Steam Generator (SG) 0.092 0.06 Reactor coolant pump (RCP) 0.014 0.012 Safety valve (SV) 0.022 0.002 Main steam isolation valve (MSIV) 0.020 0.053 Throttle valve (TV) 0.012 0.090 Moisture separator reheater (MSR) 0.043 0.082 Main turbine (MTHP) 0.060 0.074 Turbine LP (TLP) 0.074 0.056 Main condenser (MC) 0.036 0.030 Condensate pump (CP) 0.062 0.006 Clean up system (CUS) 0.085 0.010 LP heat er (LPH) 0.024 0.012 HP heater (HPH) 0.040 0.024 condensate storage tank (CST) 0.063 0.043 safety injection system (SIS) 0.070 0.032 safeguards pumps (SP) 0.012 0.015 auxiliary feed water 0.540 0.032 It is obvious that more emphasis should be given to the core in the AC power supply parts to increase the reliability of the safety injection system. Both Fussel Vessely and Birnbaum analyses concurred on this matter. The major contributor to the failure probability is common mode failure in the AC power supply parts of the safety injection system. Also, it is much easier and cheaper to increase the reliability of the DC system than the AC part. For instance, the Fussel Vessely analysis indicates that increasing the reliability of switches can increase reliability significantly. So, it is easy to do so by using diversification, redundancy, segregation of switches to increase the reliability of the DC system. Meanwhile, Birnbaum analysis indicates that more diversified batte ries will achieve higher reliability. This also can be easily achieved. Figure 2 Fault Tree Diagram The fault tree diagram is ascertained by using both the table of failure rate and failure probabilities and the minimum cut sets. This is done based on the assessment of the results and in this case the top event is RWST. However, realistic failure of this event will emanate from sequential failure events that fall under the top event. The probability value is used in the development of a fault tree. The failure of a given part in the event tree is ascertained by using a AND logic function for all the components which make up that particular part. The various parts’ probabilities of failure are then combined using OR gate so that they can built up to the ultimate event which is a representation of the all system (Fayssal 2000). Moreover the cut set values are the most probable causes of the failure of the top event. The main reason for the use of cut set values is that they ar e critical in the analysis of the fault tree since they give the various combinations which lead to failure junctions in the all system. In this case the cooling system displays multiple fault points indicated by either AND or OR gate depending on the relationship of the preceding events or components. Event Tree Analysis Model for Plant Hazard To illustrate the event tree analysis, several hypothetical scenarios were analyzed. First is the scenario where a valve fails to open or close as required, taking for instance v2, then the heat exchange will not get the heated water from the reactor and therefore there will be no heat exchange taking place. The pump p1 will fail to function and as a result the valve v1 will also not function and thus the top event which is the RWST will be affected. A second scenario is where the heat exchange fails to function as expected and therefore the heat from the reactor is not removed. This means that the heat is returned back to the reaction chambe rs therefore this makes the reactor to malfunction or melt. RWST will be affected since the hot fluid in the reaction chamber which is meant to be cooled first before circulating back remains hot. The heat exchanger is also meant to transfer heat to be reused in the system but when this fails it means that heat is wasted. The cooling system with no doubt will fail whenever any of the activities which lead to the top most event, RWST malfunctions. It is evident therefore that the failure of one of the events in the event tree will lead to malfunctioning of the preceding event in t and eventually affect the top most event in the system. This calls for effective measure to be put in place to mitigate the failure of any of the events in the event tree. The event tree analysis in this case was conducted in a qualitative manner (Faysbe et al 2000). Figure 3 Event Tree Diagram This analysis is based on the event of core failure as discussed hereunder. The core can melt the moment a relent less, compounded failure of a system or components makes the reactor-core to stop being cooled properly, thus making its assemblies to be overheated and/or melt and hence may cause them to explode. Typically, the event tree analysis is created with the aim of illustrating the various impacts of the core event. Event Tree Analysis Assessment, results and Conclusion Given the results obtained and indicated above, there are several conclusions that can be drawn from the foregoing discussion for the Event Tree Analysis. It can be seen that the impact with the highest probability is valve failure and/ or heat exchange failure, which haves a probability of as high as 50 percent. The explanation for this is that the valve is likely to have failed and therefore remained open. In actual sense, heat exchange failure can lead to a core melt making the reactor unusable until the power plant is repaired. The corollary of this is that the operator will incur additional expenses, or effort to prev ent this from taking place or to repair it (Eckberg 1964). Conclusion The main objective behind all hazard assessment tools such fault tree analysis (FTA) and event tree analysis (ETA) is to identify hazards in a facility, and evaluate any possible scenario that leads to unwanted events. Identifying the hazards is a crucial step in risk management. If hazards were not identified, they will not be managed (Launer 2005). All in all, Fault Tree and Event Tree Analysis are among the most proficient methods of risk assessment and this takes special specialty when they are used to identify the most probable causes of failure in a system as well as giving particular details of cases of multiple failures. The tree analyses are important especially in the nuclear industry because of the involvement of huge costs and substantial effort. In the fault tree analysis, minimum cut sets are crucial in pointing out leads to undesired events that may result to top-event. The foregoing discussions, as sessments, designs and conclusions of the application of ETA and FTA to a nuclear power plant specifically referring to the problem of failure in the plant’s safety injection system greatly helps to pontificate this idea of the centrality of these methods in fault determination and failure identification in systems. They key objectives of a nuclear safety system includes shutting down the reactor, ensuring it remains shut down and preventing any discharge of radioactive materials in case of accidents or unfortunate events. The effectiveness of these methods therefore makes them centrally important in the formulation of possible remedies to foreseen failures in different systems and plants in any industrial design as well as corporations. References Acharya et al., 1990. Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five U.S. Nuclear Power Plants. Washington, DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Aven, T., 2008. Risk Analysis: Assessing Uncertainties Beyond Expected Values and  Probabilities. Wiley: Chichester. Eckberg, C.R., 1964. Fault Tree Analysis Program Plan. Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company. Ericson, C., 1999. Fault Tree Analysis – A History, Proceedings of the 17th International Systems Safety Conference. Washington: Seattle. Fayssal, S., 2000. Overview of Quantitative Risk Assessment Methods. MSFC, WA: The Boeing Company. Gertman, D. Blackman, H.S., 1994. Human reliability and safety analysis data  handbook Handbook. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Gianni, P., 2006. Nuclear Safety. Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company. Hixenbaugh, A.F., 1968. Fault Tree for Safety. Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company. Launer, L.J., 2005. Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five U.S. Nuclear Power Plants, WA: The Boeing Company. Lindsay, J., 1997. Fault Tree Analysis Program Plan. Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company. Rechard, P., 1999. Historical Relationship between Performance Assessment for Radioactive Waste Disposal and Other Types of Risk Assessment in the Un ited States. Risk Analysis, (Springer Netherlands), 19(5), p.763807. This assessment on Fault and Event Tree was written and submitted by user Aiyana Hurst to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom World War I and America essay

buy custom World War I and America essay World War I was among the challenging moment in the history of America. As much as United States had a stable government, the war would have destroyed the nation if it were not for the progressive reforms. The war brought division of people in their ethnic groups, economic classes and their line of race. Moreover, President Woodrow Wilson conquered this by drafting reforms that united American as they faced the challenges of the war. By this, it was evident that the progressive reforms went hand in hand with the war efforts at home. The impact of the war was felt everywhere as it affected peoples lifestyle ranging from the poor to the rich. As a result, union officials, American civilians, civil right leaders, cooperate executive and women suffragists decided to turn the war to their advantage. The republicans used their resources to repay their efforts inthe war by introducing progressive taxation. This significantly boosted Americas economy as they gained from the war (Jaycox 27). As the war progressed, it was evident that people had started accepting their positions in the war. In other words, Wilsons effort to advocate for democracy may have been appreciated by people more than he anticipated. However, people contributed willingly than Wilson imagined because of the vengeance they had for the enemy. By this, Wilson did not rely on volunteers for the battles; instead, his draft was clear that the war was for all. Moreover, as much as the war was regarded as destruction of progressive reforms, it was the other way round. It was evident that the war fulfilled most of the progressive reforms through the intervention of effort at home and from the military (Carlisle and Golson 32). Through the coallition of prominent businessmen led by the house of Morgan, their interests were pursued by the government. In other words, they took advantage of this period, to heighten the economy, by regulating prices and production, restrict competition, and protect foreign investments. To sum up, the war was a means of social empowerment, social capital rose, activists credited the war to promoting progressive reform, wartime agencies helped corporate profits triple, working people were given eight-hour and living minimum wage as well as it boosted stalled moral move to ban alcohol. Although he declared neutrality, his sympathies lay with Great Britain and France that were being attacked by Germany. Wilson remained absolutely neutral a condition that raised different reactions including resignation of Bryan- secretary of state, protesting Wilsons handling of the situation. Buy custom World War I and America essay

Industry & Market Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Industry & Market Analysis - Essay Example In response to the continuous economic development in Smithfield, this study will purposely conduct an industry and market analysis for a coffee shop in Smithfield, Dublin. Basically, the proposed coffee shop is totally different from a typical coffee shop. On top of the high quality service, this particular coffee shop will offer added services such as the use different types of IT and communication facilities like printers, fax machine, free access to the internet, and so on. As part of examining the coffee industry in Dublin market, a Porter’s five forces analysis will be conducted in this study. After discussing the coffee shop’s target market, its expected revenue will be estimated based on some assumptions that are related to the company’s target market. After analyzing the market trends, strategic ways on how the company will increase its competitive advantage over its close competitors will be tackled in details. Industry Analysis In general, the Michael Porter’s Five Forces Analysis can be use to analyze the market competition within the coffee shop industry in Smithfield, Dublin. Through the use of the five forces framework, the business owner can easily identify internal and external factors that could directly or indirectly affect the bargaining power of its accredited suppliers and prospective buyers. Aside from discussing the risks for product substitution, the use of this particular industry analysis framework will make the business owner easily track down not only the presence of potential rivalry within the coffee shop industry but also signs of potential threats of new entrants or new businesses that wish to enter the coffee shop industry in this area (Porter 17). Rivalry among Existing Firms There is a high concentration of market competitors within the coffee shop industry in Smithfield, Dublin. Aside from the presence of Starbucks, there are also hundreds and thousands of coffee retailing companies that are curre ntly operational in this area. Because of the presence of numerous competitors that aims to compete for the same group of customers, product differentiation and offering a unique store ambiance is necessary to make coffee shop retailers win the long-term loyalty of their customers. For example, Starbucks managed to take advantage of product differentiation by offering coffee with different flavors such as amaretto, hazelnut, mint, and raspberry into its specialty coffee. This gives people some reason to become a loyal customer (Schrage). Other local-based coffee shops have publicly introduced specialty coffee like Mocha Cookie Crumble Frappuccino (Newenham) whereas Kopi Luwak is known for its caramel and cinnamon flavored Arabica coffee that offers smooth flavor with tastes of cacao and a hint of berries (Irishtimes.com). Other than product differentiation, most of the existing coffee retailers are also competing with one another in terms of the quality of its customer service, conv enience, and the ambience or atmosphere offered within the coffee retailing outlet (Newenham). The coffee retailing industry in Smithfield, Dublin is perfectly competitive (Grant 69). On top of the local coffee shops that are being managed by Quails (McKay), the Coffee Kiosk Ballsbridge, the Greenbean Coffee Roasters, Starbucks, Java Republic Coffee Company, and Kopi Luwak are among the newly opened coffee retailing shops in Dublin (Boyd; Newenham; Irishtimes.com). One of the main reasons why the number of coffee shop retailing company is excessively high

Conservation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conservation - Research Paper Example Harp seal’s meat poses a great danger to human when consumed. Infected meat by brucella bacteria cause brucellosis disease when human consumes it in improperly cooked manner. A nematode called trichinella is a parasite that is present in harp seal’s meat. This parasite is transferable to human causing trichinosis. Harp seals produce oil that forms part of omega 3 used in the treatment of heart disease condition. In addition, the oil functions in maintaining brain functions, lowering chronic diseases risks and reducing inflammation. Research also shows their importance in lowering risks in cancer and arthritis. The harp seals originated from the northern hemisphere dating back to over 20 million years ago identified through their fossils. Civilization resulted into global warming due to the gases released by the industries, vehicles and other human practices. This has caused the ice sizes, which are vital to harp seal survival to shrink resulting in increased natural mortality rate of the seals. Harp seals have a range of fur types during the development stages. They have white coats at birth that turn to jagged coat that forms silver-white furs with small black spots as they develop. The black spots become larger as they mature and finally forms the harp designed black line (Landau 2010). The males are lager in size while the female are colorful. Bacteria that cause brucellosis are Gram-negative with the dominating species in marine animals being Brucella pinipediae and Brucella cetaceae. The bacteria exhibit inhibition of necrosis allowing it to invade and persists human cells. Bacteria result in brucellosis the cause several neuronal disorders. Trichinosis results from the parasite Trichinella spiralis that cause abdominal discomfort, nausea, fatigue and fever in human beings. In seal oil production, their skins are the major part of target. This oil contains docosapentanoic acid (DPA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and

Oprah Winfrey Essay Example for Free

Oprah Winfrey Essay I. Oprah Winfrey is giving, a role model and very successful person I ever seen. Oprah Winfrey revolutionized the talk show market with her unique and natural style and rose to become the host of the most watched daytime show on television, which boasts 22 million viewers daily (three-fourths of whom are women). She is the first African American to own her own TV studio. The multitalented Winfrey is also a billionaire businesswoman, a talented actress, owner of a movie production company, and committed philanthropist II. Oprah Winfrey Contributions to Society is enormous. Oprah’s private charity ‘The Oprah Winfrey Foundation’ has given thousands of grants to organizations who support education to children, empowerment of women, helping families in America and across the globe. She has donated millions of dollars for providing better education to children’s who have merits, but lack in means. The Oprah Winfrey’s Scholarship Programmed gives scholarships to students who will educate themselves and give back to their community. Her Christmas Kindness South Africa 2002 which is an extension of her pet Foundation visits orphanages and rural schools in South Africa and more than 50000 kids receive gifts in the form of toys, books, food, athletic shoes and clothing. Along with Nelson Mandela, in Dec 2000 she pledged to build a school in South Africa. Her Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls in South Africa contributed more than $40 million towards girl’s education in Jan 2007.The vision of the Academy is to develop future women leaders of South Africa. Oprah Winfrey Contributions to Society helps to support women’s shelter, helps establish schools and scholarships, builds youth centers and homes for the poor and the needy, thus bringing in change for the future and changing the world for betterment. Because she has dedicated her whole life to improving other peoples lives, she gives her best selflessly and doesn’t expect anything in return when she does a good cause. And even though she has had a tough childhood she still treats everyone with love and care. Unlike others who could hate everyone because of the terrible things that have happened in the past. She teaches us to pick ourselves up through hard times and to forgive but most of all she teaches us to believe, to believe in ourselves and in our d reams. That is why she is now so successful and such an influential woman and a positive role model. III. In 1977, the station switched her from her news anchor job to co-hosting a morning talk show called â€Å"Baltimore Is Talking. After her first day on the job, she said: This is what I was born to do. This is like breathing. In 1984, Winfrey moved to Chicago to take over a dull morning show called A.M. Chicago that always got the worst ratings in its time slots. Her first move was to change the shows topics from lightweight womens topics† like cooking and makeup to more topical and controversial subjects. This had been Donahues successful strategy and it worked for Winfrey, too. Within one month she was even with Donahue in the ratings; by three months she was ahead of him and the show had been renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show.

Human Resource Planning in Healthcare

Human Resource Planning in Healthcare The most important resources in healthcare is the human beings. Equipment such as machines and devices are essential parts in healthcare. However, it requires the expertise and commitment of a human being to fully utilize their features in the delivery of care. This is the reason why human resource planning is vital in the provision to any healthcare establishments. The human resource policy has many objectives: to entice, hire, retain and improve proficient employees and develop a constant healthcare learning organisation. The main focus of all healthcare personnel is the client or the patient itself. There are many personnel involve in the process of providing the best healthcare services. In the medical aspects: physicians, nurses, healthcare assistant, med-techs, pharmacists, and resident doctors are the direct provider of outpatient and ward care for patients. While the admin, public staffs, laundry, food caterers, electricians, and other maintenance personnel are also involve in the success in providing safety in delivering care to the clients. Planning is indeed an important thing to do for all these personnel for them to work effectively on rendering best service towards their patients. These are the three ways on how to improve human resources: Work system: The goal of a work system is to obtain cooperation and collaboration among all employees. Healthcare personnel seek for a better system so that their deeds will have favorable outcome without wasting much time on activities. Employees may feel important as they participate on such activities. On the other hand, tasks or activities that are forcedly delegated to them can build doubt as they believe of not owning it. In order to be a part of the system, employees must participate actively in the planning. This will create efficiency on the workforce as they work together regardless of what department. These are some examples of an effective work system: Organize a team either short-term or long-term. Examples would be the infection control, waste management, and quality control team. Encourage further higher education, offer staffs greater responsibilities and help them to determine trainings that they need. Rotation of nursing and nursing attendants to avoid boredom in work. Also emphasize the importance of multi-tasking. Management in performance system: each employee must work according to their job description. The performance of each employee is evaluated towards their target in a timely manner; this helps employees to achieve their targets annually. Reward practices: the reward system is either monetary or non-monetary. An example of monetary rewards are promotion of the position, special increase in the salary, and long service awards. Non-monetary awards are given through formal or informal letter or a simple gesture of tapping the back of an employee in front of other employee as a sign of a job well done. Proper communication: a sense of unity in an organisation is present among workers who have proper communication on their superiors and subordinates. Recruiting and selective hiring of new staffs: during the recruitment process, the hospital or the company must identify the work requirement and at the same time during the interview, attitude and aptitude survey of the applicants must be completed. Moreover, there should be a transparent explanation to the applicant about his future growth upon staying in the organisation. Lastly, an induction process must be handed to the new employee of the working environment in order to have familiarity of the situation. Employee development through training and education: there must be a continuity in learning and development process for employees. Employees are trained with the following aspects: technical (proper handling of equipment and devices), managerial (the ability to handle work environment), and behavioral (the proper attitude in a given situation). The training program has two goals: the short-term and the long-term; the former aims on achieving client’s satisfaction and reducing time cycle while the latter is aimed on having a more efficient technology. These trainings are provided to achieve the ultimate goal of healthcare, to provide safe and best service to patients and family members. There are various trainings provided for the staffs in the Kindly Residential healthcare. Physicians, nurses, and technicians are offered with a continuous medical education. This is to render effective health teachings to their patients. Also, healthcare assistants are trained on proper waste disposal, oxygen therapy, and proper use of HOIST. The training programs provided by the company is not enough to measure the effectiveness on the performance of employees. In order to determine the effectiveness of the training program, there must be an evaluation process. During evaluation, factors that are monitored closely must have a direct link with the well-being of the client. Factors like the rate of occurrence of illness and death, feedback of the client and family members, quantity of re-admission having the same medical problem and most of all is to retain the trust and confidence of the client towards the healthcare. The well-being and satisfaction of the workers: the satisfaction of employee is vital to the motivation on the whole organisation. The following aspects make a big contribution on the satisfaction of employees: The work environment: The working environment is one of the essential aspect in providing satisfaction for the workers. A safety environment by enforcing precautions creates a healthy environment. Employees may work freely because they know they are safe and they have the proper gadgets or devices to protect them as they carry-out their tasks. Such precautions are: emphasis on proper waste disposal, compulsory annual check-ups and vaccination should be done, and continuous research on unsafe practices. The work climate: Awareness programs and accessible facilities are provided for workers by the company in order for them to feel proud because they are taken good care by the organisation as they render service to their clients. These are some programs that improve the work climate: health awareness program, awareness of AIDS program, mess hall, fitness gym, education and library access. The satisfaction of an employee: the satisfaction of an individual worker is difficult to achieve. There are only few hospitals who are successful on making their employees satisfied. The human mind is very dynamic; people may not be contented on what they achieve because of the belief that they can do more. Therefore, expecting an employee to become satisfied on the company’s facility is far from the truth. However, the organisation collects feedbacks by doing a formal or informal assessment process and correlate these results on determining improvement priorities. Through this action, it makes the worker feel that the organisation or management is very sincere regarding their concerns.

Cross †Cultural Analysis Essay

â€Å"When starting a business a cultural analysis needs to be done if the business targets a range of audience from several locations† Globalization is an inevitable process in the 21st Century, and so is the cross – culturalization. The world is becoming more and more homogeneous, and distinctions between national markets are not only fading but for some products its disappearing. This means that marketing is now becoming a world common discipline. However, on the other hand, the differences among nations, regions, language, regulatory environment, past heritage, ethnic groups, etc in terms of cultural factors still exist in the market place and having obvious impact on the marketing practices of the business organizations. From a marketing point of view it is very important for marketers to realize that the markets in the 21st century are cross-cultural markets and to be aware of and sensitive to the cultural differences is a major premise for the success in the 21st Century marketplace. The following aspects should be vital to be considered by a business: * cultural impacts on marketing (international versus domestic) * cross-cultural dimensions of marketing research * cross-cultural aspects of marketing mix (products, price, promotion, and distribution) * cross-cultural marketing education and professional training * cross-cultural practice in electronic marketing Cross-cultural marketing can be seen as the strategic process of marketing among consumers whose culture differs from that of the marketer’s own culture at least in one of the fundamental cultural aspects, such as language, religion, social norms and values, education, and the living style. From the anthropological perspective all market behaviours are culture-bound. Therefore, in order to match the marketing mix with consumer preferences, purchasing behavior, and product-use patterns in a potential market, marketers must have a thorough understanding of the cultural environment of that market. Some Real World Examples for Cross-cultural Marketing To what extent culture of a particular market place has influenced the marketing practices of business corporate can be understood by analyzing each element of the marketing mix (4 Ps’ i.e. product, price, promotion and place). (1)Product * Pizza Hut and Domino’s in India 1992: Paneer on a pizza! 1997: Paneer on a pizza? 2002: Paneer on a pizza. Same statement, same concept but the noticeable thing is the change in the attitude. It started from â€Å"absolute disbelief† to â€Å"why not† to â€Å"calm acceptance†. It shows how foreign based multinational companies have changed their product according to the taste of the indigenous of a country. In this case one element of the marketing mix, product has been changed to cope up with the existing culturally bound taste of Indians. Pizza Hut and Domino’s now serve Tandoori, Paneer and Chettinad toppings which are absolutely new menu for these MNCs but culturally accepted traditional foodstuffs for Indians. * Maggi in India Noodles were alright for dinner once in a while and it is accepted in other countries as well but it was unsuccessful in India. Since Indians consider idly, dosa, chappathi, etc as their dinner menu. Then Maggi wanted another marketing strategy to sell its product and it marketed Maggi as a snack not as a dinner and succeeded in the market. This also reveals how culturally bounded practices impact the marketing strategies. They also went along with curry flavour, tomato flavour, etc in India.* Swarovski in India Swarovski is a Czech Republic based crystal venture incorporated in 1895. Swarovski India (Pvt) Ltd faced a difficulty in marketing crystals in India primarily. In the European and Western countries crystal is considered as a valuable gift item and initially they marketed their crystal as in the same manner in India but they struggled to capture the market due to the existing cultural aspects. Indians had a sentiment about gold and silver as ideal gifts for a bride or a bridegroom and they are culturally taught that gold and silver are the ideal gift for every occasion. Swarovski there after realized the need for Indianization and came up with an alternative product. They introduced crystal studded sarees firstly and now they are offering a collection of sarees, blouses, odhnis, and salwar kameezes studded with crystals. * MTV and V Channel in India Youth of India expects music which is some what related to their culture and prefer the styles like bhangra which is a traditional Indian music style. Realizing these desires, western channels like MTV and V channel has included Indian pop, a kind of fusion music of India into their charts. (2)Price * KFC and McDonalds in Sri Lanka MNCs like KFC and McDonals are giving their primary concern to the price they charge from Sri Lankans since people in Sri Lanka are more conscious about the prices of product than the quality. Even the displays they use to show their products, specifically display the price of each product. This proves that these MNCs are amending their marketing strategies regarding price to suit Sri Lankan market. (3)Promotion Marketing cross culturally consist advertisements as it foremost part, which directly appeal the target market. Promotions in the sense it mainly includes advertisements and the cultural issues relating to those advertisements should be precisely dealt in order to capture the market through a healthy relationship with the target market. For this purpose most of the MNCs utilize the technique called â€Å"Advertising Localization†. It is not a mere change of designation stemming from computer science vocabulary but a radical change of perspective concerning the real nature and modes of linguistic and cultural transfer from one language into an other. * Coke Advertisements in India Coca cola uses different celebrities in each region of India to communicate more effectively with the target market by considering their cultural variabilities. They use Aamir Khan in North India, Vijay in Tamil Nadu, Jyothika in Andhra Pradesh and Aishwarya Rai in rest of India endorsing the same Coca-Cola. This shows the perspective of marketers that the people will feel more comfortable when they see a person from their own cultural background in advertisements and feel positive toward their products. In Sri Lankan context Santhosh and Bathiya endorse Coke and the concept of the advertisement is carefully designed to reflect the local culture in each frame. * Toyota Advertisements Toyota used a pregnant, naked woman in their advertisements and this was accepted by some countries and where as some countries protested against it and Toyota later withdrew the advertisement. This shows how the cultural believes of people influence the marketing practices of business organizations. (4)Place * Dilmah Distribution in The Global Market Dilmah uses several methods of distribution in several countries. It operates in 93 global markets and it has its own distribution mode through its regional channels in certain countries and where as in other several countries it uses a native prominent goods distributor for their tea. In countries like Australia, USA, and European countries it uses its own distribution channels where the customers believe in manufacturer own brand and distribution. In certain countries like Jordan, UAE, etc. it uses a native goods distributor to distribute their tea since these customers buy the products which comes from their own distributors. Cultural Influences Since culture is a wide spread phenomenon which cannot be separately identified from the group of people who share a set of accepted behaviors, customs, and values, it is obvious that the impact of such shared culture would result in all sorts of decision makings of the human beings. Such impacts can be mainly seen in the following perspectives. * In the General Point of View: For example; language, body language, punctuation, negotiation styles, gestures, etc. can be given. * In the Human Relationship Point of View: For example; employee relationship, customer relationship, supplier relationship, stakeholder relationship, etc. can be pointed out. * In the Marketing Point of View: The impact that culture would have on the 4Ps. Aspects to Consider When Starting a New Business Which is Believed to Have Cultural Impacts Even though cross cultural clashes create barriers they also provide challenges for the international businesses where those challenges encourage the business to develop further. All it is required to have a comprehensive knowledge about the impacts of the culture on the international business and prepared with all sorts of precautionary actions to be successive. The followings can be provided as recommendations to be successful in the global business; * Doing a thorough market research * Doing internal research to identify the cultural impacts among the employees * Adaptation to the differences * Developing commonly accepted standards which to be followed by all the stakeholders of the business * Customization to a greater extent