The Russian Revolution Of 1917 - 1946 Words

The Russian Revolution of 1917 set the country on a course that few other countries took in the 20th century. The shift from the direction of a democratic, parliamentary-style government to a one party communist rule was a drastic change that many did not and could not predict. Looking back on this key moment in Russian history, many historians ask the question ‘why did the political power in Russia shift to the Bolsheviks’? Since the revolution in 1905 Russia was becoming progressively more democratic, distributing power throughout the political sphere. This came to an abrupt halt when Vladimir Lenin was put into power by the Bolshevik takeover of the Provisional Government. Many authors have had different takes on this event. Two particularly interesting ones were Arthur Mendel and John D. Basil. Their pieces On Interpreting the Fate of Imperial Russia and Russia and the Bolshevik Revolution give various perspectives on the Russian Revolution and attempt to answer the question of the power shift. This key point in Russia’s history sets the tone for the next 100 years. Russia became a superpower, an enemy of the United States, started multiple wars directly and indirectly, and started using an economic system used by various countries around the world. Today we still see the effects of the 1917 Revolution. Looking at both Mendel’s and Basil’s attempt to answer why the power shifted to the Bolsheviks. Since both historian s account of the events is different they cannotShow MoreRelatedThe Russian Revolution Of 19171109 Words   |  5 Pagessole cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917. Even before the outbreak of war, the Russian population were largely dissatisfied with the government under the Tsarist regime. Though the Great War played a role in sparking the Russian Revolution, with much of the unstable faith in the Tsar collapsing in Military Russia, it would be naà ¯ve to discredit the mounting economic and social pressur es that contributed to the fall of the Tsarist Regime, and the beginning of the Revolution. Leading up to theRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 19171619 Words   |  7 PagesThe Russian Revolution of 1917 involved the collapse of an empire under Tsar Nicholas II and the rise of Marxian socialism under Lenin and his Bolsheviks. It sparked the beginning of a new era in Russia that had effects on countries around the world. In the years leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917, the country had a succession of wars. These were, The Crimean War (1854-56), The Russo-Turkish War (1877-78), The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), and World War I (1914-18). All of these requiredRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 19171294 Words   |  6 Pages Russia 1917, harsh working conditions, famine, and all power to one leader. Russia was living in discord presumably through political oppression, furthermore, political oppression inspires violence and terrorism. It affects daily residents because they’re under control of whoever is in charge. Terrorism tears people apart. The Russian Revolution in 1917 started because of the political oppression and ended in a dictatorship because humans are power hungry. It also continues to leave citizens withRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 1917943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Russian Revolution of 1917 was an event that many historians have offered different perspectives on, as it was the start of a regime that greatly impacted the history of totalitarianism. Though much went on during 1917, the February Revolution and the fall of Tsarist regime was an event that created dialogue and prompted historians to pose perspectives as to what factors contributed to the Russian Monarchy ending in catastrophe. Many of these perspectives are focused on personalities. Some historiansRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 19171594 Words   |  7 PagesThe Russian Revolution of 1917 did not just suddenly happen overnight, just as there was no main reason why it happened. The Revolution was more like a virus or bad bacteria. At first you barely notice it, even though you know it is there, but soon it starts to multiply and take over your body and before you know it you have been diagnosed with a terminal illness. There are about 4 or 5 significant reasons why there was the revolution of 1917, with the Russian Tsar Nicolas II to be the blame forRead MoreThe Russian Revolu tion Of 19171646 Words   |  7 PagesThe Russian Revolution of 1917 brought with it the fall of 300 years of Romanov rule and marked the beginning of the transition of Tsarism to Communism, from which Lenin established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, succeeded by Stalin. The Revolution is worthy of investigation as it is arguably the most significant event of the 20th century, considering that it helped shape many other subsequent events such as the Second World War and the Cold War. The Bolsheviks’ triumph can be accountedRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 1917848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Russian Revolution of 1917 was a product of growing agitation within Russia as a result of various factors, both internally and externally of Russia. The detachment of the Tsar to the wants and needs of the people, in concurrence with their involvement in World War One, led to an uprising and revolution. Many historians describe the outcomes of this revolution using Marxist theo ry, explaining the key ideologies that come in to play as the revolution comes to an end and the newly established BolshevikRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 19171563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Russian Revolution of 1917 swept the country into an entirely new epoch, changing a monarch-led country into the Soviet Union and spreading the red of communism in waves through generations. A powerful team of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky organized the Bolsheviks, or Red Army, in political and military strategy against the Menshevik White Army. Part of their success came from the lack of unification of the Mensheviks. While the White Army banded together under a simply ‘anti-Bolshevik’ policyRead MoreThe Russian Revolutions of 1917 Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe Russian Revolutions of 1917 There were two revolutions that occurred in Russia in 1917. The first one, in February, overthrew the Russian monarchy. The second one, in October, created the world’s first Communist state. The Russian revolutions of 1917 involved a series of uprisings by workers and peasants throughout the country and by soldiers, who were predominantly of peasant origin, in the Russian army. Many of the uprisings were organized and led byRead More1917 Russian Revolution Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesRussian Revolution Essay. Throughout history there have been many revolutions between the population of a country and its government. People always want change, usually in the directions of freedom, peace and equality and in the lead up to the 1917 Russian revolution; there were a variety of social, political and economic situations that all played their part. In the years leading up to the revolution, Russia had been involved in a series of wars. The Crimean war, The Russo-Turkish war, The Russo-Japanese

The Impact Of Long Waiting List On The Recipients And...

TITLE There is an insufficient supply of donor organs to meet the demand for organ transplantations worldwide (O’Carroll, Ferguson, Hayes Shepherd 2012). In 2016 the Australian donation rate was 20.8 donors per million people. Today roughly 1,400 people are on Australian organ transplant waiting lists at any time (donatelife.gov).No doubt these people and their thousands of corresponding family’s wonder daily whether a life-saving transplant will come but also why more Australians do not register to donate. A single donation has the potential to transform the lives of 10 or more people. Yet the list of will viable donors is still woefully short. This essay uses the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explorer (factors are preventing†¦show more content†¦An explanation of theory of planned behaviour Prior studies have found that informational awareness alone is not enough because decision making regarding organ donor registration is not primarily because of cognitive evaluations of evidence, but may be more influenced by emotional beliefs and attitudes (Morgan, Stephenson, Harrison, Afifi, Long, 2008). This makes understanding and predicting human behaviour difficult. TPB has been found to predict behavior quite well across multiple domains (Ajzen, 2011). According to this theory, as long as people have time to plan how they are going to behave, and opportunity to act on those plans the best predictor of that behaviour is one s intention. o IMAGE TPB states behavioural intention is guided by three factors: †¢ Behavioural attitudes produce a favourable or unfavourable belief towards behaviour and guide considerations of positive and negative outcomes. †¢ Normative beliefs refer to beliefs that are results of perceived social peer group pressure or subjective norms. †¢ Perceived behavioural control is the perceived beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or impede performance of the behaviour, including a individuals capacity to overcome them. A combination of these 3 factors leads to the formation of a behavioural intention. The stronger this behavioural intention and, given aShow MoreRelatedOrgan Transplantation Is The Removal Of A Healthy Organ1539 Words   |  7 PagesVillage) Although organ transplants are supposed to save lives, it may not be worth the risks; it can easily cause health complications and economic instability to both the donor and recipient. For all, medical risks and psychological concerns can occur if the surgery is not successful, or if the donor and/or recipient do not recover fully. (Lohse) In order to prevent the body from rejecting an organ, immunosuppressant drugs are to be taken for the rest of the patient’s life. Immunosuppressant drugsRead MoreOrgan Donation And Its Effects On The Do nor Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pageswhether or not they wish to become a donor, it is up to the medical professionals to seek the consent of the family. This only can spark negative feelings and controversy. In Requesting Organ Donation: An Interview Study of Donor and Nondonor Families, there was a study done through interview on family members of deceased. It question whether or not they would give consent of their family member’s organs to be donated and their reasoning behind their decisions (17). It explores the â€Å"why† in theRead MoreOrgan Donation After Death By Toni Gross1476 Words   |  6 Pagesvery close friend of mine was killed in an ATV accident. She donated all the possible organs she could, including her eyes. Every year we hold a soccer tournament in her name and recipients of the organs have come to interact with her close family and friends. I had the opportunity to interact with these recipients as well as witness how difficult it was for her parents. It was hard but at the same time it was a very beautiful thing. A. That is why I chose this topic, so I can become more knowledgeableRead MoreFacts About Organ Donation and Organ Transplantation Essay1977 Words   |  8 PagesIn life, there is one thing that is inevitable and unavoidable. The subject is often avoided because of fear. Death is universal. Every day eighteen people will die in the United States of America waiting for an organ transplant. Organ Transplantation involves the giving of a healthy body part from either a living or dead individual to another person. (Fundukian, Organ, p674-678) Medical illnesses do not discriminate. It doesn’t matter about wealth, race, religion, or even age. The typesRead MoreInformal Caregivers : An Informal Caregiver1654 Words   |  7 Pages. The second type is referred to as an informal caregiver. These individuals are unpaid and are typically a spouse, partner, family member, friend, or neighbor who are involved in assisting others with activities of daily living and/or medical tas ks (â€Å"Population,† 2014). According to the Family Caregiver Alliance National Center on Caregiving, it is estimated that in the United States (US) â€Å"approximately 43.5 million caregivers have provided unpaid care to an adult or child in the last 12 months†Read More3D Organ Printing Essay1881 Words   |  8 Pagescould be the answer to many of the problems we as humans face in the medical field. It could be the end to organ waiting lists and an alternative for organ transplants. In 3D printing technology lies the potential to replace the testing of new drugs on animals. However, the idea of applying 3 dimensional printing to the health industry is still quite new and yet to have a major impact. Manufacturing working 3D organs remains an enormous challenge, but in theory could solve major issues present todayRead MoreAustralian Societal Consequences That Affect The Unemployed Today1497 Words   |  6 Pagesanswered through understanding that (Cowan, 2014) most unemployed people don t need long-term solutions, just a short-term safety net. According to the Centrelink website (Deparment of Human Services, 2014) ‘income management is a way to help manage your money to meet essential household needs and expenses’. Jenny Macklin, Minister for Families explains it as (Herbert, 2012) an additional tool to help families better manage their money in the interests of their children. To make sure that welfareRead More Ethical And Legal Aspects On Organ Transplantation Essay6401 Words   |  26 Pagesreports of public figures receiving life-saving transplants have brought renewed attention to the scarcity of organs and the importance of organ transplants. Although more transplants are being performed in the United States each year the transplant waiting list continues to grow. It has been considered that the decrease in organ donors is due to the unsuccessful measures taken by health care professionals. This is a limited view of th e matter because health care professionals are not directly responsibleRead MoreThe Sale of Human Organs2130 Words   |  9 Pagest enough organs to be transplanted. There are hundreds of thousands of individuals in need of life-saving organ transplants, but the wait list is so long, that human organ sales should be legal. This has the potential to allow patients to look for organs of a similar match, potentially saving their lives in a much shorter amount of time with an overall long-term reduction in medical costs. The history of human organ transplant is an epic journey to understand how the human body works and ways toRead MoreOrgan Trafficking : A Dangerous Epidemic3410 Words   |  14 PagesThere are many arguments revolving around the issue of organ donation in terms of ethics, limiting the ways people can donate. There is a very long process one would have to go through if considering donation, including a psychological examination in addition to the first part of the process to determine if the organ from the donor is a match for the recipient. Selling organs for profit is considered unethical as society views organ transplantation as an act that should be an altruistic donation, meaning

Comparison of Construction Cost Model †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Comparison of Construction Cost Model. Answer: Introduction Cost estimation can be defined as a process that entails accumulation, tabulation, calculation and the analysis of the all the cost details. For every planning and conducting of successful feasibility studies on construction projects, cost estimation is very crucial. Its wise for every construction client to seek cost advice at early stages so that they can make the right decision concerning the feasibility of the concerned and the proposed project. Although many construction project managers consider this, there are a number of factors that may hinder or challenge the process and activities revolving around cost estimation at early stages. This study is aimed at research and explanation of some of the factors that have some influence on the accuracy of early-stage building cost estimating.(Odusami, 2008) In the present market, the costs of items keep fluctuating all over and along these lines, the constructor should be sharp and watchful of the everyday changes in the market (Odusami and Onukwube 2008),. The estimator too needs to both comprehend and foresee the recurrence and degree of the value varieties and the planning of the purchasing cycle so they can give the proper appraisals with next to zero room for mistakes i.e. through finished estimation or estimation. The following are the factors that affect the prices of material in the market: Materials for construction can be obtained. At the point when the materials are promptly accessible the cost of getting them will be brought down contrasted with when the items are not promptly accessible. This is so on the grounds that for the targeted project to proceed, therefore the construction material must be accessible for utilization and therefore the concerned parties should go the additional progression to get them for the initiation of the venture (Rodgers, 2014) The cost in this way of getting the materials, either through importation and crisp assembling materials can't be precisely stick pointed. The costs/cost that is written off on the gauge depends more on track costs of officially existing items than a crisp and procurement. The edge of accuracy consequently emerges when the expressed real costs change from the genuine costs of the items which at that point would incorporate different costs like the importation and transportation costs. Estimation relies upon the sticker showing prices of materials that the faculty doing the estimation possibly knows about. The nature of the material makes a fluctuation on the exact estimation of the cost of materials in that the cost of the materials assessed as possible of low-quality materials and when the materials are purchased, the materials happen to alternate quality other than the nature of those of the given gauges, a variety is made consequently inaccuracy comes in.(Robinson, 2009,) In a present market where costs of items are profoundly unique and capricious, it is exceptionally hard to gauge the esteem materials to be obtained after a specific period may cost. This is on the grounds that the time between the time of estimation and the time of procurement might be sufficient to cause a movement of costs of items in the commercial center. The exactness of the gauge is influenced by this move. This is the point at which the gauge made quotes the present costs yet the buy is made at a later date. The costs might be brought down that the cited or higher relying upon the bearing the move of the costs has moved in the market because of the different market costs determinants e.g. swelling (Minister 2009). This confuses between the assessed costs and the costs amid the time the material is acquired are the thing that decides the exactness of the appraisals. The evaluations can be precise as well if the cost stays consistent from the season of estimation until the time the buy of the materials is made however this is so uncommon. Cost estimation techniques in the construction industry method Description Accuracy levels Required information Popularity Usability analogous Its a method that estimates the duration of the present ongoing projects by the use of the actual period that a previous project used. Fairly accurate The periods that previous projects used and the cost they used. Some organizations still use it Used where a project seems to have similar costs like a previous one. parametric Its a method that uses the statistical relationship between historical data with other different variables. high Previous activities data on cost of construction high Used in scenarios where the previous activities are similar Bottom up method Its a method that is known for the usage of the highest level of required details so as to estimate cost of construction high Any information that is needed high Mostly used for new construction projects Three point Its a method that covers a wide source of information. It uses the three estimates which are the; most likely, optimistic and pessimistic. high Any relevant data high Used for new projects Conclusion There are a few variables influencing the precision of beginning period building cost estimation as elucidated by the above report. It is critical to keep these components in thought when drafting cost gauges as they help in mapping out every one of the subtle elements that will fill in as a guide amid the execution phase of the undertakings. The level of variety is a critical factor to consider too since a project can fail due to a high margin error estimate. At the point when there is under estimation, the undertaking will flop appallingly because of the absence of enough assets to support the building/venture. Despite the fact that over estimation might be more attractive than the underestimation, it can cause a development undertaking to adjust it's encouraging when engineer/customer is frightened by the expenses cited in the evaluations. The included parties are i.e. the temporary worker who we call the contractor and the contracted should think of approaches to lessen costs gau ges variety from the genuine esteem costs so that the related difficulties can be kept at any rate level (Douglas, 2008) References Bishop, B. 2009, Village of Waverly receives estimates on the cost of Ithaca Street project, Washington. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012-13 Edition, Cost Estimators. Desch, H. 2014, City Hall cost estimates 'frightening', Washington Douglas, M.J. 2008, the impacts of the handoffs on software development: A cost estimation model, University of South Florida. Douglas, M.J., 2008. the impacts of the handoffs on software development: A cost estimation model, The University of South Florida. GAO Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide, March 2009, Best Practices for Developing and Managing Capital Program Costs, GAO-09-3SP, United States Government Accountability Office, Garca de Soto, B., Adey, B. T., Fernando, D. 2014. A process for the development and evaluation of preliminary construction material quantity estimation models using backward-elimination-regression and neural networks. Journal of Cost Analysis and Parametrics. Isherwood, J.P., Isherwood and John Philip, 1999.System and method for estimating construction project costs and schedules based on historical data. U.S. Patent 5,918,219. Kim, G.H., An, S.H. and Kang, K.I., 2004. Comparison of construction cost estimating models based on regression analysis, neural networks, and case-based reasoning.Building and Environment,39(10), pp.1235-1242. Odusami, K.T..O.H.N., 2008. "Factors Affecting the Accuracy of a Pre-Tender Cost Estimate in Nigeria". Cost Engineering, vol. 50, pp.no. 9, pp. 32-35. Robinson, K., 2009. Cost estimates soar $700,000 for a school project. Washington. Rodgers, B., 2014. County presents revised cost estimates for incinerator project, Washington.

Whose life is it anyway is not just a play about a man who has lost the will to live Essay Example

Whose life is it anyway is not just a play about a man who has lost the will to live Essay In the play Whose life is it anyway? the man who has lost the will to live is most prominently someone suffering from some form of hindrance. The author Brian Clark puts forward an indefinite idea of uncertainty for the mans future. Throughout the play it continues to make us contemplate on the issues of quality of life, personal choice, authority and relationships. It is for these reasons that the play is more than simply the idea of a mans will of life.A man who had a substantial quality to perform what he lives for would have the urge to live on. However, if he deteriorated to a quadriplegic like Ken (the main character in the play) yet before, experienced a life with all the passion, freedom, love and creation he wanted then what would the effect have on him? After Ken realises he has no chance to survive without dependency on hospitals for the rest of his life he chooses to be discharged. I will spend most of life in hospital not able to move. As far as I can see, that is a act of deliberate cruelty.I dont wish to die, nor do I wish to live at any price. Of course I want to live but as far as I am concerned, Im dead already. I merely require the doctors to recognize the fact. I cannot accept this condition constitutes life in any real sense at all.Personal choice is valuable to everyone. Those who have it should cherish it as it keeps us intact in what we want. Yet, Kens choice of life is hindered when Dr. Emerson deliberately injects a Valium needle into him when he knew Ken refused it initially. Doctor, I didnt give you permission to stick that needle in me. Why did you do it? The choice to die structures a belief that you are incapable, depressed, and fearful etc. Mr. Hill (Kens solicitor) explains to Ken after his request in being discharged what is occurring. Mr. Harrison, I will be perfectly plain. Dr. Emerson claims that you are not in a sufficiently healthy mental state to make a rational decision Despite this outlook Mr. Hill decides to help grant Kens wishes to die as he believes Ken mentally stable by talking to him. Mr. Hill is not forced to and deep down he does not enjoy the idea to justify his client to die. Can anyone prove that they are sane? Both these examples show that personal choice is very important as it can be taken away or used for good pretenses.Authority over others becomes a dilemma when we are actually questioning the law of control over human lives. Whether it is crossing boundaries of mankind to decide what is the justification of another mans life. Resulting in not serving the truthful purpose it once was as a basis of keeping humans rectified. resides in the fact that choice is removed from the man concerned. This statement meaning Kens request of euthanasia was contradicted and he has limited power over those around him.Examining the hierarchy of society, the control over others in a pyramidal imaginative diagram is situated where positions decide the fate of others. For example a judge measures the truthfulness from deceiving lips of mankind and how innocent one really is where as citizens rely on the doctors profession to rescue their lives.A doctor cannot accept the choice for death; hes committed to life. When a patient is brought into my unit, hes in a bad way. I dont stand about thinking whether or not its worth saving his life, I havent time for doubts. I get in there and do whatever I can to save life.Relationships in this play revolve in a web of interchanging roles. Professionalism becomes personal, as people believe that a medical or psychological opinion is usually better than what an unstable individual feels. He may be unqualified but he is the one affected. Dr. Scott argues with Dr. Emerson Kens case. Although other medical professionals working around him for a long time become aware of their feelings for a man wanting to die is stronger than imagined. When Ken goes to court, Sister Anderson who had been seeing Ken for the last couple of months and attending hi m showed concern for him. I thought this morning, when he was talking about the compensation, he was beginning to plan for the future. Therefore, this proves the play does not only include the man who has lost the will to live but others play an important part in the play to contribute emotion and feedback.Evidently, Whose life is it anyway is not just a play explaining a man who has lost the will to live. This is due to the main themes of quality of life, personal choice, authority and relationships, which adds to the complex nature of the play. Ken repeatedly emphasizes the point that It is not undignified if the man wants to stay alive, but I must restate that the dignity starts with his choice. He chooses a dignified death. After all these conflicts for someone to finally emerge to resulting in death it is still an extensive revelation given the chance to continue life.

Strategies for Writing a 20-Page Paper

Strategies for Writing a 20-Page Paper Research papers and essays can be intimidating enough as an assignment. The long paper assignment, though, can scare students into total brain freeze. If youre facing a twenty-page writing assignment, just relax and break the process down into manageable chunks. Make a Plan and Follow It Start by creating a timetable for your project. When is it due? How many weeks do you have between now and the due date? To create a timetable, grab or create a calendar with plenty of space to write on. Then, jot down deadlines for each stage of the writing process, including: Initial research. Before you can choose a topic, youll probably need to do some basic research to learn more about the general subject area youre studying. For example, if youre studying the works of Shakespeare, youll want to do some research to decide which play, character, or aspect of Shakespeares work is most interesting to you.Topic selection. After youve finished your initial research, youll want to select a few possible topics. Talk with your teacher before making a final decision. Be sure the topic is really interesting and rich enough for a twenty-page essay, but not too big to cover. For example Symbolism in Shakespeare is an overwhelming topic while Shakespeares Favorite Pens wouldnt fill more than a page or two. Magic in Shakespeares Midsummer Nights Dream might be just right.Topic-specific research. Now that you have a topic, you may need to take a few weeks to conduct research until you have five to ten subtopics or points to talk about. Jot notes onto note cards. Sepa rate your note cards into piles that represent topics youll cover. Organizing your thoughts. Order your topics into a logical sequence, but dont get too caught up in this. Youll be able to rearrange the sections of your paper later.Drafting. Take your first set of cards and write all you can about that specific topic. Try to use up three pages of writing. Move on to the next topic. Again, try to use three pages to elaborate on that topic. Dont worry about making this section flow from the first one. You are just writing about individual topics at this time.Creating transitions. Once you have written a few pages for each topic, think again about the order. Identify the first topic (one that will come after your introduction) and the one that will follow. Write a transition to link one to the next. Continue with order and transitions.Crafting an introduction and conclusion. The next step is to write your introduction paragraph and your conclusion. If your paper is still short, just find a new subtopic to write about and place it between paragraphs tha t exist. You have a rough draft! Editing and polishing. Once youve crafted a full draft, be sure you have enough time to set it aside for a day or two before reviewing, editing, and polishing it. If youre required to include sources, double check that youve correctly formatted footnotes, endnotes, and/or a bibliography.

Effects of Smoking on the Human Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effects of Smoking on the Human Body - Essay Example Once inhaled, carbon monoxide reaches the blood stream through the lungs and alveoli, it binds to the hemoglobin portion of the red blood cells, forming a stable compound called carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). The stability of the compound is due to the fact that hemoglobin has a 200–250 times higher affinity for carbon monoxide than it has for oxygen. Thus, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the hemoglobin is reduced, limiting oxygen supply to cells and tissues. The diseases caused by limited oxygen in the blood include cardiovascular disease, stroke, and circulatory problems. Tar on the other hand, accumulates in the lung, causing the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchi, the trachea, and the bronchioles, damages the lungs, reduces the size of the airway. Smoke thus interferes with the functioning of the respiratory system and causes chronic bronchitis and persistent cough. Tar also damages the cilia on the upper portions of the respiratory system and increases phlegm production. Finally, the chemicals in smoke damage the lungs, reduce lung surface area and affect the alveoli’s’ functionality. Lung cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), mouth and throat cancer, and increased asthma symptoms are the other respiratory effects of smoking (National Cancer Institute, 2008). ... One of the mechanisms by which smoking leads to elevated CO2 levels in the blood is that the harmful chemicals in the smoke damages the alveoli of the lungs. This damage implies that the CO2 formed in other parts of the body and transported to the lungs for elimination is not efficiently eliminated at the alveoli surfaces, leading to increased levels of CO2 in the blood. How Smoking Affects other Organ Systems Besides the respiratory system, smoking affects other organ systems such as the circulatory system. In this system, smoking causes the blood clotting, blockages and narrowing of blood vessels, increased risks of strokes and heart attacks, increased blood pressure, palpitations. These conditions cause various infections that might require procedures such as amputation. The nervous system and the brain are also affected by tobacco smoking, which decreases oxygen supply to the brain as hemoglobin combines with carbon monoxide. The normal functioning of the CNS is affected as delic ate nerve endings are damages and blood supply interfered with (The New York Times, 2002). Additionally, smoking causes attention deficit and memory problems. The immune system is also affected by the tobacco toxins that enter the body via smoking so that the functioning of the white blood cells is impaired. Thus, the body becomes vulnerable to infections. The reproductive system is also not spared by smoking, which may cause erectile dysfunction, impotency, sterility, menopause, and low weight births. Correlating Cellular Respiration with the Respiratory System The correlation between cellular respiration and the respiratory system is rather clear. For instance, minus cellular respiration in the lungs,

Herpert Simon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Herpert Simon - Essay Example These observations lead to Simon’s rejection of the classical economic assumption of prefect-knowledge and to derive â€Å"bounded rationality† in decision making (Simon, etal, 1987). â€Å"In (‘On how to decide what to do’) (Simon) claims, rightly, that traditional economics has too often been concerned with what decisions are made rather than how they are made.† (Hunt 1) How decisions are made is a better real world indicator of how resources are allocated, which is the study of economics. (Hunt 2) Simon’s interest was in how man processes the limited available information and with imperfect logic. Bounded rationality â€Å"refers to peoples limited ability to make comparisons, to see into the future, and, more generally, to process information†. (Cyret 63) Simon created the term â€Å"satisficing†, presumably a hybrid term mixing satisfying and sufficing, to indicate achieving the perceived best position with imperfect informa tion. Preferring a blend of thinking, laboratory work and empirical observations of thinking and decision making, Simon wanted economists to get out of the think tanks and go observe business people making decisions. (Cyret) Simon started with the conviction that human rationality was bounded externally by social constraints and internally by cognitive restraints (Sent 227). People were not truly free to make decisions since conformity and possibility were unquantifiable constraints in the process. Bounded rationality was not concerned with symmetry or macroeconomic functions at all. It is a decision making and problem solving theory not meant to strengthen neoclassical economic thought like Nash’s game theory which Simon considered crude and incomplete. In Simon’s theory, quantification is used to enhance rationality, not create it. The management situation sets the conditions for rational thought; therefore some actions are predisposed to be viewed as nonworking solu tions (Mankelwicz 60). Common sense, or heuristics, actually applies available metrics as a screening tool. â€Å"Human perception may be as bounded in scope as our rationality†. (Mankelwicz 63). Quantitative results may be viewed as symbols, talisman. Managers may experience numbers as moral symbols, guideposts (Mankelwicz 64) Technical rationality, degree of quantification, economic, social, legal politics and political stakeholders, although largely invisible, impact the final decision, certainly the reasonable solution possibilities (Mankelwicz 65). Simon studied bounded rationality, the decision making process, under several disciplines allowing him to consider â€Å"decomposability†, the breakdown of problems into hierarchies, the systems of considering means and ends to reach a decision (Augier & Frank 584). Applying rationality, people cannot have perfect information. So, the decision making process is like the scientific methods of laboratory testing and field data collection. Neither is the sole path to truth. Neither is the sole source of perfect decisions. (Hunt 2) Managers must reach decisions through satisficing, that is being at least as optimal as the competition. It is possible the cost of optimization is greater than the reward. (Hunt 2) As early as the 1960’s, theories of systems were forming. â€Å"A system may be defined as an orderly grouping of separate but interdependent components for the purpose of attaining