Fault and Event Tree

Introduction Fault Tree Analysis and Event Tree Analysis are hazard assessment tools that have been widely used estimate the likelihood of occurrence of accidents and other undesired losses in life’s events. They help identify and detect hazards in a system or facility and give a provisional evaluation of any scenario that may lead to events that can be considered potentially hazardous (Acharya et al. 1990).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Fault and Event Tree specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With increased sharing of information and the use of internet and computerization created a challenge that had to be handled: the challenge of security of these security models and intelligence that was to be shared. This then made the importance of the safety aspect in any industry become one of the main sources of its success. In search of security models and systems such tools like fault tree, event tree, fail ure mode effect analysis, and reliability block diagram emerged as a way to assess system’s safety. This paper is a detailed study of the concept of Fault Tree analysis and Event Tree Analysis with a focus on the safety injection system (SIS). Fault tree analysis refers to a graphical representation of an interaction of failures which lead to a defined top event. A Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is developed using a â€Å"top-down† approach, and is a powerful tool for modeling combinations of independent and common mode failures. They are used to capture both hardware and human errors. Event tree analysis, on the other hand, is a graphical representation of logic, showing how the time sequences of events develop. They can be multiple outcomes, and are mostly used with binary branches (Rechard 1999). In the fault tree analysis, minimum cut sets are crucial in pointing out leads to undesired events that may result to top-event. In the event tree analysis, the steps to be foll owed are: identifying the initiating event; identifying safeguards and then determining the outcomes; constructing event tree on the basis of all customers; classifying the outcomes in groups with consequences that are similar; quantifying branch probabilities; quantifying outcomes; and testing outcomes. Thus, an event tree is simply a graphical illustration of scenarios of events that are likely to result from an initiating-event.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Definition of the Problem The problem for which this system is designed is the problem of losing of coolant from a nuclear reactant plant. It is crucial to have a well operational system for a nuclear plant given the danger that the plant poses to the environment and the lives of those working on it and residing in its vicinity. It therefore crucial for every part of it to operate fully well and satisfactory wh ich means that failures of such a crucial place as the coolant is of great importance to the proper running of the system and its safety to those working on it (Gianni 2006). Description of the System together with its Schematic and Principle of Operations The illustration in figure 1 shows the safety injection pump flow paths. The major components of the system include the accumulators, the storage tanks, the pressure pumps, and the containment sump. The safety injection pump functions in two phases, the first being the injection or the suction from the tank into the reactor, and the recirculation phase wherein the pumps suck from the containment sump. They key objectives of a nuclear safety system includes shutting down the reactor, ensuring it remains shut down and preventing any discharge of radioactive materials in case of accidents or unfortunate events. A safety injection system makes use of the variations of the density of water in inducing natural circulatory flow (Hixenbau gh 1968). For nuclear power plants, a kind of emergency water system is important in cases where normal functioning may be lost or in cases where there may be an occurrence of a major breakdown. The safety injection pump system is a very important component in any given system especially in a nuclear power plant where a lot of heat is generated. The failure of a safety injection system thus has fatal implications to the system and an elaborate risk assessment is essential to contain the situation. The heat exchanger is also a vital part of the nuclear power reactor which is responsible for the cooling and therefore its failure is tremendous to the operation of the system. Schematic Description of the Coolant System: Reactor cooling systemAdvertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Fault and Event Tree specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 1 Data Sources and Assumptions for Reliability and Human Error Data Calculati on of Failure Probability In the calculation of the failure probability of the system, the test intervals that have been taken were done so at the interval of three months each. This information is shown in the table 1 below. This failure rate data was taken from books which contained quantitative risk assessment methods and the past research which have been conducted to determine probabilities of failures of the various components or the events in a given system identical to the one under study. Computation The computational formula was FP= FRD x time in hours/2 Given a test interval of three months, the time interval was taken to be 2190 hours, obtained as (365 days x 24 hours) x (3 /12 months) = 2190 hours For example, the failure probability (FP) for the RWST = 63E-6*2190/2 = 3.942E-3Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Where 22.456E-6 is the failure rate data for the core obtained from the available literature (Gertman and Blackman 1994). The rest of the computations are summarised below Basic Event Failure Mode Failure Rate: ï  ¬ Source Failure(ï  ¬ t /2) Probability RWST Ruptured 36 E-6 IAEA, TECDOC-930 3.942 E-3 High Pressure Safety Injection (HPSI) Pump(HPSIP) Failure to run 0.1467E-6 NPRD-95 2-224 1.606 E-4 Low Pressure Safety Injection (LPSI) Pumps(LPSIP) Failure to run 0.16E-6 Assumed 1.752E-4 HPSI Pump Orifice Bypass Valves(OBV) and Flow Orifices(FO) Failure to open 4.2 e-7/h WASH-1400 4.599 E-4 HPSI Header Injection Valves (HPSIHIV) Failure to open 3.9 e-7/ h Assumed 4.2705 E-4 Hot Leg Injection Valves(HLIV) Failure to open 3.9 e-7/ h Assumed 4.2705 E-4 Minimum Flow Line Isolation Valves(MFLIV) Failure to balance the flow 6.8e-6/h IAEA, TECDOC-930 7.446 e-3 LPSI Header Isolation Valves(LPSIHIV) Failure to function 2 e-6/h Assumed 2.2 e-3 Heat Exchange(HE) Rupture 2.1 e-6/ h IAEA, TECDOC-930 2.2995 e-3 LPSI Pump Suction Isolation Valves(LPSISIV) Failure to open 0.3e-6/h IAEA, TECDOC-930 3.285 e-3 Human Error (HERR) Error of commission WASH-1400 3 e-3 Power(P) Failure to supply required output Assumed 1.5 e.-4 Analysis Results and Conclusions The second column of the Table shows a brief description of the failure; column three shows the failure rate data obtained from available literature (Gertman Blackman 1994); the fourth column shows the assumed reference of the failure rate, while the last column displays the failure probability. Fault tree analysis logically explains how and why a failure might come about (Aven 2008). An appropriate design of a Fault Tree Analysis has to have specific elements that have to be done key of which are: The gate symbols and types should be set so as to represent fault tree logic A top-down approach ought to be employed Failure modes ought to be identified. The minimum cut set table makes use of AN D gates in computation of the probabilities. This means that all the components in Table 2 are AND gates and are therefore multiplied. Cut set values are obtained by multiplying probabilities of two related components in the system. These cut set values are very vital in fault tree analysis since they show trends for different fault points in a given system. Minimum cut sets for a simple fault tree such as this for an injection system could be directly determined â€Å"from the fault tree or from the associated reliability diagram† (Aven 2008, p. 75). However for more complex fault tree diagrams, computer programs can be written to compute it automatically. The probabilities of individual components in the system were obtained from Table 1. In this system, the following formula was applied (for the first cut set): (Probability of RWST) X( High Pressure Safety Injection Pump(HPSIP)) = the probability of time RWST with High Pressure Safety Injection Pump. For example, RWSTX Hig h Pressure Safety Injection (HPSI) Pump (HPSIP) = 3.942 E-3*1.606 E-4= 1.683e-7. Cut set values for the whole system are found in this manner. Cut set Probability Cut set Probability RWST.HPSIP 6.331e-7 HPSIP.HPSIHIV 1.683e-7 RWST.LPSIP 6.906e-7 HPSIP.HE 9.065e-7 RWST.OBV 1.813e-6 HPSIP.HLIV 1.683e-7 RWST.FO 1.813e-6 LPSIP.MFLIV 1.305e-6 RWST.HE 9.065e-6 LPSIP.LPSISIV 3.854e-7 HERR.P 4.5e-7 LPSIP.HE 4.029e-7 HERR.HPSIP 4.818e-7 HLIV.HERR 1.281e-6 HERR.LPSIP 5.256e-7 P.LPSIP 2.628e-8 HERR.HE 6.899e-6 RWST.P 5.913e-7 HERR.LPSISIV 6.6e-7 P.FO 6.899e-8 HPSIP.OBV 7.386e-8 LPSISIV.HE 9.820e-7 HPSIP.FO 7.38e-8 HPSIHIV.HE 9.064e-7 Total Probability 2.858 E-5 The total probability of failure to cool the RSWT on demand was found to be 2.858 E-5. This number will be the Total Probability TP. Fussel Vessely and Birnbaum Fussel vessely and birnbaum values play a critical role in fault tree analysis. These values also indicate probability of a risk in the system. The Fussel Vessely is obtained by adding all the probabilities containing a specific component in table 2 then dividing by the total probability TP found in table 2 (Ericson 1999). An example can be given as (Core.SIS) + (Core. SP)/TP= (1.676+1.536)E-5/4.673E-5=0.676 Birnbaum values are obtained by taking the sum of probability in table 2 and dividing by the specific component probability (Gianni 2006). For example, Core/TP= 22.44E-5/4.673E-5=0.481 (Lindsay 1997). Basic Event Fussel Vessely Birnbaum Core 0.685 0.481 Pressurizer (PZR) 0.043 0.016 Steam Generator (SG) 0.092 0.06 Reactor coolant pump (RCP) 0.014 0.012 Safety valve (SV) 0.022 0.002 Main steam isolation valve (MSIV) 0.020 0.053 Throttle valve (TV) 0.012 0.090 Moisture separator reheater (MSR) 0.043 0.082 Main turbine (MTHP) 0.060 0.074 Turbine LP (TLP) 0.074 0.056 Main condenser (MC) 0.036 0.030 Condensate pump (CP) 0.062 0.006 Clean up system (CUS) 0.085 0.010 LP heat er (LPH) 0.024 0.012 HP heater (HPH) 0.040 0.024 condensate storage tank (CST) 0.063 0.043 safety injection system (SIS) 0.070 0.032 safeguards pumps (SP) 0.012 0.015 auxiliary feed water 0.540 0.032 It is obvious that more emphasis should be given to the core in the AC power supply parts to increase the reliability of the safety injection system. Both Fussel Vessely and Birnbaum analyses concurred on this matter. The major contributor to the failure probability is common mode failure in the AC power supply parts of the safety injection system. Also, it is much easier and cheaper to increase the reliability of the DC system than the AC part. For instance, the Fussel Vessely analysis indicates that increasing the reliability of switches can increase reliability significantly. So, it is easy to do so by using diversification, redundancy, segregation of switches to increase the reliability of the DC system. Meanwhile, Birnbaum analysis indicates that more diversified batte ries will achieve higher reliability. This also can be easily achieved. Figure 2 Fault Tree Diagram The fault tree diagram is ascertained by using both the table of failure rate and failure probabilities and the minimum cut sets. This is done based on the assessment of the results and in this case the top event is RWST. However, realistic failure of this event will emanate from sequential failure events that fall under the top event. The probability value is used in the development of a fault tree. The failure of a given part in the event tree is ascertained by using a AND logic function for all the components which make up that particular part. The various parts’ probabilities of failure are then combined using OR gate so that they can built up to the ultimate event which is a representation of the all system (Fayssal 2000). Moreover the cut set values are the most probable causes of the failure of the top event. The main reason for the use of cut set values is that they ar e critical in the analysis of the fault tree since they give the various combinations which lead to failure junctions in the all system. In this case the cooling system displays multiple fault points indicated by either AND or OR gate depending on the relationship of the preceding events or components. Event Tree Analysis Model for Plant Hazard To illustrate the event tree analysis, several hypothetical scenarios were analyzed. First is the scenario where a valve fails to open or close as required, taking for instance v2, then the heat exchange will not get the heated water from the reactor and therefore there will be no heat exchange taking place. The pump p1 will fail to function and as a result the valve v1 will also not function and thus the top event which is the RWST will be affected. A second scenario is where the heat exchange fails to function as expected and therefore the heat from the reactor is not removed. This means that the heat is returned back to the reaction chambe rs therefore this makes the reactor to malfunction or melt. RWST will be affected since the hot fluid in the reaction chamber which is meant to be cooled first before circulating back remains hot. The heat exchanger is also meant to transfer heat to be reused in the system but when this fails it means that heat is wasted. The cooling system with no doubt will fail whenever any of the activities which lead to the top most event, RWST malfunctions. It is evident therefore that the failure of one of the events in the event tree will lead to malfunctioning of the preceding event in t and eventually affect the top most event in the system. This calls for effective measure to be put in place to mitigate the failure of any of the events in the event tree. The event tree analysis in this case was conducted in a qualitative manner (Faysbe et al 2000). Figure 3 Event Tree Diagram This analysis is based on the event of core failure as discussed hereunder. The core can melt the moment a relent less, compounded failure of a system or components makes the reactor-core to stop being cooled properly, thus making its assemblies to be overheated and/or melt and hence may cause them to explode. Typically, the event tree analysis is created with the aim of illustrating the various impacts of the core event. Event Tree Analysis Assessment, results and Conclusion Given the results obtained and indicated above, there are several conclusions that can be drawn from the foregoing discussion for the Event Tree Analysis. It can be seen that the impact with the highest probability is valve failure and/ or heat exchange failure, which haves a probability of as high as 50 percent. The explanation for this is that the valve is likely to have failed and therefore remained open. In actual sense, heat exchange failure can lead to a core melt making the reactor unusable until the power plant is repaired. The corollary of this is that the operator will incur additional expenses, or effort to prev ent this from taking place or to repair it (Eckberg 1964). Conclusion The main objective behind all hazard assessment tools such fault tree analysis (FTA) and event tree analysis (ETA) is to identify hazards in a facility, and evaluate any possible scenario that leads to unwanted events. Identifying the hazards is a crucial step in risk management. If hazards were not identified, they will not be managed (Launer 2005). All in all, Fault Tree and Event Tree Analysis are among the most proficient methods of risk assessment and this takes special specialty when they are used to identify the most probable causes of failure in a system as well as giving particular details of cases of multiple failures. The tree analyses are important especially in the nuclear industry because of the involvement of huge costs and substantial effort. In the fault tree analysis, minimum cut sets are crucial in pointing out leads to undesired events that may result to top-event. The foregoing discussions, as sessments, designs and conclusions of the application of ETA and FTA to a nuclear power plant specifically referring to the problem of failure in the plant’s safety injection system greatly helps to pontificate this idea of the centrality of these methods in fault determination and failure identification in systems. They key objectives of a nuclear safety system includes shutting down the reactor, ensuring it remains shut down and preventing any discharge of radioactive materials in case of accidents or unfortunate events. The effectiveness of these methods therefore makes them centrally important in the formulation of possible remedies to foreseen failures in different systems and plants in any industrial design as well as corporations. References Acharya et al., 1990. Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five U.S. Nuclear Power Plants. Washington, DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Aven, T., 2008. Risk Analysis: Assessing Uncertainties Beyond Expected Values and  Probabilities. Wiley: Chichester. Eckberg, C.R., 1964. Fault Tree Analysis Program Plan. Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company. Ericson, C., 1999. Fault Tree Analysis – A History, Proceedings of the 17th International Systems Safety Conference. Washington: Seattle. Fayssal, S., 2000. Overview of Quantitative Risk Assessment Methods. MSFC, WA: The Boeing Company. Gertman, D. Blackman, H.S., 1994. Human reliability and safety analysis data  handbook Handbook. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Gianni, P., 2006. Nuclear Safety. Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company. Hixenbaugh, A.F., 1968. Fault Tree for Safety. Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company. Launer, L.J., 2005. Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five U.S. Nuclear Power Plants, WA: The Boeing Company. Lindsay, J., 1997. Fault Tree Analysis Program Plan. Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company. Rechard, P., 1999. Historical Relationship between Performance Assessment for Radioactive Waste Disposal and Other Types of Risk Assessment in the Un ited States. Risk Analysis, (Springer Netherlands), 19(5), p.763807. This assessment on Fault and Event Tree was written and submitted by user Aiyana Hurst to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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buy custom World War I and America essay World War I was among the challenging moment in the history of America. As much as United States had a stable government, the war would have destroyed the nation if it were not for the progressive reforms. The war brought division of people in their ethnic groups, economic classes and their line of race. Moreover, President Woodrow Wilson conquered this by drafting reforms that united American as they faced the challenges of the war. By this, it was evident that the progressive reforms went hand in hand with the war efforts at home. The impact of the war was felt everywhere as it affected peoples lifestyle ranging from the poor to the rich. As a result, union officials, American civilians, civil right leaders, cooperate executive and women suffragists decided to turn the war to their advantage. The republicans used their resources to repay their efforts inthe war by introducing progressive taxation. This significantly boosted Americas economy as they gained from the war (Jaycox 27). As the war progressed, it was evident that people had started accepting their positions in the war. In other words, Wilsons effort to advocate for democracy may have been appreciated by people more than he anticipated. However, people contributed willingly than Wilson imagined because of the vengeance they had for the enemy. By this, Wilson did not rely on volunteers for the battles; instead, his draft was clear that the war was for all. Moreover, as much as the war was regarded as destruction of progressive reforms, it was the other way round. It was evident that the war fulfilled most of the progressive reforms through the intervention of effort at home and from the military (Carlisle and Golson 32). Through the coallition of prominent businessmen led by the house of Morgan, their interests were pursued by the government. In other words, they took advantage of this period, to heighten the economy, by regulating prices and production, restrict competition, and protect foreign investments. To sum up, the war was a means of social empowerment, social capital rose, activists credited the war to promoting progressive reform, wartime agencies helped corporate profits triple, working people were given eight-hour and living minimum wage as well as it boosted stalled moral move to ban alcohol. Although he declared neutrality, his sympathies lay with Great Britain and France that were being attacked by Germany. Wilson remained absolutely neutral a condition that raised different reactions including resignation of Bryan- secretary of state, protesting Wilsons handling of the situation. Buy custom World War I and America essay

Industry & Market Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Oprah Winfrey Essay Example for Free

Oprah Winfrey Essay I. Oprah Winfrey is giving, a role model and very successful person I ever seen. Oprah Winfrey revolutionized the talk show market with her unique and natural style and rose to become the host of the most watched daytime show on television, which boasts 22 million viewers daily (three-fourths of whom are women). She is the first African American to own her own TV studio. The multitalented Winfrey is also a billionaire businesswoman, a talented actress, owner of a movie production company, and committed philanthropist II. Oprah Winfrey Contributions to Society is enormous. Oprah’s private charity ‘The Oprah Winfrey Foundation’ has given thousands of grants to organizations who support education to children, empowerment of women, helping families in America and across the globe. She has donated millions of dollars for providing better education to children’s who have merits, but lack in means. The Oprah Winfrey’s Scholarship Programmed gives scholarships to students who will educate themselves and give back to their community. Her Christmas Kindness South Africa 2002 which is an extension of her pet Foundation visits orphanages and rural schools in South Africa and more than 50000 kids receive gifts in the form of toys, books, food, athletic shoes and clothing. Along with Nelson Mandela, in Dec 2000 she pledged to build a school in South Africa. Her Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls in South Africa contributed more than $40 million towards girl’s education in Jan 2007.The vision of the Academy is to develop future women leaders of South Africa. Oprah Winfrey Contributions to Society helps to support women’s shelter, helps establish schools and scholarships, builds youth centers and homes for the poor and the needy, thus bringing in change for the future and changing the world for betterment. Because she has dedicated her whole life to improving other peoples lives, she gives her best selflessly and doesn’t expect anything in return when she does a good cause. And even though she has had a tough childhood she still treats everyone with love and care. Unlike others who could hate everyone because of the terrible things that have happened in the past. She teaches us to pick ourselves up through hard times and to forgive but most of all she teaches us to believe, to believe in ourselves and in our d reams. That is why she is now so successful and such an influential woman and a positive role model. III. In 1977, the station switched her from her news anchor job to co-hosting a morning talk show called â€Å"Baltimore Is Talking. After her first day on the job, she said: This is what I was born to do. This is like breathing. In 1984, Winfrey moved to Chicago to take over a dull morning show called A.M. Chicago that always got the worst ratings in its time slots. Her first move was to change the shows topics from lightweight womens topics† like cooking and makeup to more topical and controversial subjects. This had been Donahues successful strategy and it worked for Winfrey, too. Within one month she was even with Donahue in the ratings; by three months she was ahead of him and the show had been renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show.

Human Resource Planning in Healthcare

Human Resource Planning in Healthcare The most important resources in healthcare is the human beings. Equipment such as machines and devices are essential parts in healthcare. However, it requires the expertise and commitment of a human being to fully utilize their features in the delivery of care. This is the reason why human resource planning is vital in the provision to any healthcare establishments. The human resource policy has many objectives: to entice, hire, retain and improve proficient employees and develop a constant healthcare learning organisation. The main focus of all healthcare personnel is the client or the patient itself. There are many personnel involve in the process of providing the best healthcare services. In the medical aspects: physicians, nurses, healthcare assistant, med-techs, pharmacists, and resident doctors are the direct provider of outpatient and ward care for patients. 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The training programs provided by the company is not enough to measure the effectiveness on the performance of employees. In order to determine the effectiveness of the training program, there must be an evaluation process. During evaluation, factors that are monitored closely must have a direct link with the well-being of the client. Factors like the rate of occurrence of illness and death, feedback of the client and family members, quantity of re-admission having the same medical problem and most of all is to retain the trust and confidence of the client towards the healthcare. The well-being and satisfaction of the workers: the satisfaction of employee is vital to the motivation on the whole organisation. The following aspects make a big contribution on the satisfaction of employees: The work environment: The working environment is one of the essential aspect in providing satisfaction for the workers. A safety environment by enforcing precautions creates a healthy environment. Employees may work freely because they know they are safe and they have the proper gadgets or devices to protect them as they carry-out their tasks. Such precautions are: emphasis on proper waste disposal, compulsory annual check-ups and vaccination should be done, and continuous research on unsafe practices. The work climate: Awareness programs and accessible facilities are provided for workers by the company in order for them to feel proud because they are taken good care by the organisation as they render service to their clients. These are some programs that improve the work climate: health awareness program, awareness of AIDS program, mess hall, fitness gym, education and library access. The satisfaction of an employee: the satisfaction of an individual worker is difficult to achieve. There are only few hospitals who are successful on making their employees satisfied. The human mind is very dynamic; people may not be contented on what they achieve because of the belief that they can do more. Therefore, expecting an employee to become satisfied on the company’s facility is far from the truth. However, the organisation collects feedbacks by doing a formal or informal assessment process and correlate these results on determining improvement priorities. Through this action, it makes the worker feel that the organisation or management is very sincere regarding their concerns.

Cross †Cultural Analysis Essay

â€Å"When starting a business a cultural analysis needs to be done if the business targets a range of audience from several locations† Globalization is an inevitable process in the 21st Century, and so is the cross – culturalization. The world is becoming more and more homogeneous, and distinctions between national markets are not only fading but for some products its disappearing. This means that marketing is now becoming a world common discipline. However, on the other hand, the differences among nations, regions, language, regulatory environment, past heritage, ethnic groups, etc in terms of cultural factors still exist in the market place and having obvious impact on the marketing practices of the business organizations. From a marketing point of view it is very important for marketers to realize that the markets in the 21st century are cross-cultural markets and to be aware of and sensitive to the cultural differences is a major premise for the success in the 21st Century marketplace. The following aspects should be vital to be considered by a business: * cultural impacts on marketing (international versus domestic) * cross-cultural dimensions of marketing research * cross-cultural aspects of marketing mix (products, price, promotion, and distribution) * cross-cultural marketing education and professional training * cross-cultural practice in electronic marketing Cross-cultural marketing can be seen as the strategic process of marketing among consumers whose culture differs from that of the marketer’s own culture at least in one of the fundamental cultural aspects, such as language, religion, social norms and values, education, and the living style. From the anthropological perspective all market behaviours are culture-bound. Therefore, in order to match the marketing mix with consumer preferences, purchasing behavior, and product-use patterns in a potential market, marketers must have a thorough understanding of the cultural environment of that market. Some Real World Examples for Cross-cultural Marketing To what extent culture of a particular market place has influenced the marketing practices of business corporate can be understood by analyzing each element of the marketing mix (4 Ps’ i.e. product, price, promotion and place). (1)Product * Pizza Hut and Domino’s in India 1992: Paneer on a pizza! 1997: Paneer on a pizza? 2002: Paneer on a pizza. Same statement, same concept but the noticeable thing is the change in the attitude. It started from â€Å"absolute disbelief† to â€Å"why not† to â€Å"calm acceptance†. It shows how foreign based multinational companies have changed their product according to the taste of the indigenous of a country. In this case one element of the marketing mix, product has been changed to cope up with the existing culturally bound taste of Indians. Pizza Hut and Domino’s now serve Tandoori, Paneer and Chettinad toppings which are absolutely new menu for these MNCs but culturally accepted traditional foodstuffs for Indians. * Maggi in India Noodles were alright for dinner once in a while and it is accepted in other countries as well but it was unsuccessful in India. Since Indians consider idly, dosa, chappathi, etc as their dinner menu. Then Maggi wanted another marketing strategy to sell its product and it marketed Maggi as a snack not as a dinner and succeeded in the market. This also reveals how culturally bounded practices impact the marketing strategies. They also went along with curry flavour, tomato flavour, etc in India.* Swarovski in India Swarovski is a Czech Republic based crystal venture incorporated in 1895. Swarovski India (Pvt) Ltd faced a difficulty in marketing crystals in India primarily. In the European and Western countries crystal is considered as a valuable gift item and initially they marketed their crystal as in the same manner in India but they struggled to capture the market due to the existing cultural aspects. Indians had a sentiment about gold and silver as ideal gifts for a bride or a bridegroom and they are culturally taught that gold and silver are the ideal gift for every occasion. Swarovski there after realized the need for Indianization and came up with an alternative product. They introduced crystal studded sarees firstly and now they are offering a collection of sarees, blouses, odhnis, and salwar kameezes studded with crystals. * MTV and V Channel in India Youth of India expects music which is some what related to their culture and prefer the styles like bhangra which is a traditional Indian music style. Realizing these desires, western channels like MTV and V channel has included Indian pop, a kind of fusion music of India into their charts. (2)Price * KFC and McDonalds in Sri Lanka MNCs like KFC and McDonals are giving their primary concern to the price they charge from Sri Lankans since people in Sri Lanka are more conscious about the prices of product than the quality. Even the displays they use to show their products, specifically display the price of each product. This proves that these MNCs are amending their marketing strategies regarding price to suit Sri Lankan market. (3)Promotion Marketing cross culturally consist advertisements as it foremost part, which directly appeal the target market. Promotions in the sense it mainly includes advertisements and the cultural issues relating to those advertisements should be precisely dealt in order to capture the market through a healthy relationship with the target market. For this purpose most of the MNCs utilize the technique called â€Å"Advertising Localization†. It is not a mere change of designation stemming from computer science vocabulary but a radical change of perspective concerning the real nature and modes of linguistic and cultural transfer from one language into an other. * Coke Advertisements in India Coca cola uses different celebrities in each region of India to communicate more effectively with the target market by considering their cultural variabilities. They use Aamir Khan in North India, Vijay in Tamil Nadu, Jyothika in Andhra Pradesh and Aishwarya Rai in rest of India endorsing the same Coca-Cola. This shows the perspective of marketers that the people will feel more comfortable when they see a person from their own cultural background in advertisements and feel positive toward their products. In Sri Lankan context Santhosh and Bathiya endorse Coke and the concept of the advertisement is carefully designed to reflect the local culture in each frame. * Toyota Advertisements Toyota used a pregnant, naked woman in their advertisements and this was accepted by some countries and where as some countries protested against it and Toyota later withdrew the advertisement. This shows how the cultural believes of people influence the marketing practices of business organizations. (4)Place * Dilmah Distribution in The Global Market Dilmah uses several methods of distribution in several countries. It operates in 93 global markets and it has its own distribution mode through its regional channels in certain countries and where as in other several countries it uses a native prominent goods distributor for their tea. In countries like Australia, USA, and European countries it uses its own distribution channels where the customers believe in manufacturer own brand and distribution. In certain countries like Jordan, UAE, etc. it uses a native goods distributor to distribute their tea since these customers buy the products which comes from their own distributors. Cultural Influences Since culture is a wide spread phenomenon which cannot be separately identified from the group of people who share a set of accepted behaviors, customs, and values, it is obvious that the impact of such shared culture would result in all sorts of decision makings of the human beings. Such impacts can be mainly seen in the following perspectives. * In the General Point of View: For example; language, body language, punctuation, negotiation styles, gestures, etc. can be given. * In the Human Relationship Point of View: For example; employee relationship, customer relationship, supplier relationship, stakeholder relationship, etc. can be pointed out. * In the Marketing Point of View: The impact that culture would have on the 4Ps. Aspects to Consider When Starting a New Business Which is Believed to Have Cultural Impacts Even though cross cultural clashes create barriers they also provide challenges for the international businesses where those challenges encourage the business to develop further. All it is required to have a comprehensive knowledge about the impacts of the culture on the international business and prepared with all sorts of precautionary actions to be successive. The followings can be provided as recommendations to be successful in the global business; * Doing a thorough market research * Doing internal research to identify the cultural impacts among the employees * Adaptation to the differences * Developing commonly accepted standards which to be followed by all the stakeholders of the business * Customization to a greater extent

Customs and Traditions of India Essay

Nearly every country in the world possesses some form of religion. With religion comes the need for people to express their beliefs. Often times, these expressions are seen as religious customs and traditions. Along with these religious customs and traditions, most countries also posses customs and traditions practiced by even the average non-religious citizen. These customs can be enormous milestones in the lives of young-adults, or something as simple as shaking someone’s hand. Everything from a child’s first day at school to a newlywed couples inauguration is celebrated through rituals and practices. Many of these traditions have been around for thousands of years. With religion came traditions and rituals and practices. A few examples of these traditions include: Datar. Datar is the welcoming of the bride into the home of the groom by the groom and his family. This practice is seen as sacred and as a necessity. It is believed that if the ritual is not done right or not done at all, then the family is doomed to fail. (IndiaNetzone) Another, less significant tradition, Upanayan, is the day that a male child begins his education. An interesting fact about Indian culture is that they still use the caste system and many traditions are open only to the top three castes: Brahmin, Kshatriya, and Vaishyas. Upanyan is one of those traditions. (Freshroads) Another vital part of India culture is always giving. Giving is seen as the ultimate kindness and in India culture, should be practiced by everyone. Danam is the Indian tradition of giving gifts to one another. Upanayan, The marriage ceremony described above, is a time where Danam is practiced constantly. The bride gives gifts to the groom and groom to the bride. These gifts can range from gold to coconuts to cows. No gift is seen as the clothes from grandma for Christmas. In the final ten days of someone’s life, they are given many gifts which are believed to help them cross the afterlife dimensions and get to heaven. In fact the gift of a cow is believed to help souls of the deceased across a river in the dimensions before heaven. (IndiaNetzone) It seems as though there are many traditions, but how many people practice these traditions? According to the 2002 census of India, approximately eighty percent of Indians practice Hinduism. This means that of the 1. 2 billion people that live there, about 960 million people practice these customs and traditions. That is pretty amazing considering the amount of gifts there must be given daily. With over one hundred perhaps two hundred traditions practiced by almost every India at some point in their life, this means that there are more traditions practiced in a lifetime than there are people in the world. Also, if every Indian practices Namaskara, the Indian form of salutation, around 3-5 times daily, in just eight hours, approximately, there have been more Namaskaras than people in the world. (HowStuffWorks) Christianity has over double the number of followers than Hinduism. Although this data makes Hinduism seem puny compared to other religions, many of the traditions and customs are very similar to those of other religions including Christianity. And many of the non-religious customs are very similar to many of those of the American culture as well. In Indian culture, it is seen as respectful to salute to others. Namaskara is the salutation of India. Namaskara is two people, bringing their hands together while bowing their heads and bringing their hands towards their heart and bowed forehead. This custom almost resembles the handshake of American culture. As stated before, people on their deathbed are given gifts. In American culture, flowers are brought to that person’s bedside and cards are often sent wishing that person good will. In Indian culture, the first day of school is seen as a special day. In American culture, the first day of school can be very exciting, and often times emotional. In America, the family members of the deceased decide whether to burry or cremate the deceased. In India, the dead are almost always cremated. This is because Indians believe that cremating the body of the deceased grants easier access to heaven by releasing the soul from the body. In Indian culture, there are almost always arranged weddings. Unlike India, weddings are consensual in the American culture, not to say that Indian weddings are not consensual, but, American weddings are between two people who have know each other prior to being married. In India, this is not always the case. Often times the bride and groom have never met until their wedding day. This is why Upanyan is such an important time for newly-weds, this is their first time, and their families first time, meeting the person they married. (IndiaNetzone) Although comparisons are not often made between American and Indian culture, once you see just how closely the cultures resemble each other, it gives you a different point of view on the two cultures and their similarities and differences. When you take a closer look, you really see the differences, and similarities, between the American culture and the Indian culture. The India culture is very interesting and full of many amazing and almost insane customs and traditions. There are many traditions and customs, and even more people that practice them. When you take a closer look, you see the similarities between the cultures of the United States and India. Whether they’re religious customs or non-religious customs, they are fascinating. Whether it’s a person’s death, or, birth, there’s a tradition for the occasion.

Free Essays on The Courage To Exceed Ourselves

Michelle Beers The Courage to Exceed Ourselves If you give a child a book but do not teach them to read will the child understand the story? If only half of a lesson is presented to a child, the full picture is unattainable. There are many personality types and a varity of role models available to children today, to choose right from wrong is often difficult. In our society there are adults who are blind of the truth by choice, they take only the facts that are attractive to them and form a canon or belief that is not justified. Then, pass along their opinions to the children in their midst as if it were truth. Most religions, governments, and families are attempting to achieve, on a basic level, the same goal, but are using to many different approaches. This behavior can be observed throughout time in any country from daily family life to government policies, laws, and in the separation of religious beliefs or practices. For example: a child born to a Mormon family raised with heavy influence by the church could have easily been born into a Catholic family and raised within the influence of the Catholic beliefs. When the Mormon child grows to an adult and stands within their church, can a Catholic or any other person of different religious beliefs honestly chastize them for following and abiding by the standards of life they were taught? We instill fear of the world outside of the familiar into to our children from the day they are born. In every individual home there is a history to learn from. Often those histories are not all laid before the child. This creates only a partial picture for the child to learn values and make decisions from and with this try to understand the past that follows them to the future. We teach our children not to talk to stangers, to take a stand for what they believe in, and to be cautious of the unknown. Then we push them out into the unknown and hope they will find a way to imp... Free Essays on The Courage To Exceed Ourselves Free Essays on The Courage To Exceed Ourselves Michelle Beers The Courage to Exceed Ourselves If you give a child a book but do not teach them to read will the child understand the story? If only half of a lesson is presented to a child, the full picture is unattainable. There are many personality types and a varity of role models available to children today, to choose right from wrong is often difficult. In our society there are adults who are blind of the truth by choice, they take only the facts that are attractive to them and form a canon or belief that is not justified. Then, pass along their opinions to the children in their midst as if it were truth. Most religions, governments, and families are attempting to achieve, on a basic level, the same goal, but are using to many different approaches. This behavior can be observed throughout time in any country from daily family life to government policies, laws, and in the separation of religious beliefs or practices. For example: a child born to a Mormon family raised with heavy influence by the church could have easily been born into a Catholic family and raised within the influence of the Catholic beliefs. When the Mormon child grows to an adult and stands within their church, can a Catholic or any other person of different religious beliefs honestly chastize them for following and abiding by the standards of life they were taught? We instill fear of the world outside of the familiar into to our children from the day they are born. In every individual home there is a history to learn from. Often those histories are not all laid before the child. This creates only a partial picture for the child to learn values and make decisions from and with this try to understand the past that follows them to the future. We teach our children not to talk to stangers, to take a stand for what they believe in, and to be cautious of the unknown. Then we push them out into the unknown and hope they will find a way to imp...

Limitations of Previous Researches Essays

Limitations of Previous Researches Essays Limitations of Previous Researches Essay Limitations of Previous Researches Essay In summary, the previous researches on attentional systems have indicated that studying eye movement is a limited way of furthering knowledge about the process of attention. T has been established by a number of researches that orienting attention can occur even before the movement of the eye to the object. Moreover focusing on visual attention alone sacrifices the scientific insights that we might gain from studying more than one sensory modality.Visual attention has been well researched over the years and more so because of the fact that it is one of the major faculties that we have and much of its physiology is known. On the other hand auditory attention is unchartered territory given that it lacks neurological explanations unlike vision. We know of the anatomy of the ear but how the ear process sound and how it relays it to the brain has largely been understudied.The findings of past experiments on auditory attention have had been conflicting and was always measured in conjunction with visual cues, this is a pragmatic view since what has been done with visual attention could also possibly work with auditory attention. A true auditory covert attention experiment has not been fully investigated to date. The advent of technology and the advantages of using 3-dimensional sound have revived the interest in auditory attention experiments.The wide range of technologically advanced equipments we have at present allows us to investigate complex processes like auditory attention. And with the increasing complexity and present demands to the human attention it is desired that investigations into the workings of our mind and bodily senses be explored so as to generate knowledge that would help enhance our attentional capabilities. One major limitation of the researches that has already been conducted into covert spatial attention is that the equipment and experimental designs used do not measure true spatial performance.The equipments used in the past experiments were not sensitive enough and have thus limited the results of the study. Experiments are designed to control for various nonattentional effects, such as response priming and criterion shift, by having cue-target stimuli in different spatial dimensions. However, the experimental environment and methods employed in the previous studies were not able to adequately control for the possible effects of priming and memorization.Taking this into consideration, we intend to replicate these experiments in a vir tual environment, which would allow greater freedom to conduct more realistic spatial experiments without compromising on experimental control and equipment limitations. The use of virtual audio has been investigated by a number of researchers with a varying degree of success. One of the main limitations in using 3-D virtual audio in the past has been the inability of virtual audio to reduce the number of front-back confusions to that of free-field localization.Martin, McAnally Senova (2001) used a technique of recording golay responses in the inner ear canal via placement of miniature microphones in the participant’s ears. The use of this technique had the effect of reducing the number of front-back confusions to equivalent levels as that of free-field localization. A number of studies have used this technique to produce free-field equivalent virtual 3-D audio, and then apply the virtual audio in situations where free-field presentation of spatial audio is problematic, for example in the cockpit of an aircraft.The goals of the current research are threefold. First, due to the continued debate on the nature of pure auditory spatial attention, the confirmation of the research by Spence Driver (1994) into covert spatial orienting in audition is desirable; it would help establish that covert auditory spatial attention do exists. Secondly, the nature of endogenous processing in covert spatial orienting in audition is still unclear, due to the lack of a purely auditory cueing paradigm.While the nature of endogenous processing does not require a spatial stimulus to drive attention to the appropriate areas in space, a non-spatial stimulus has been used in previous research to indicate the area of space in which the mechanism is most likely to encounter the target stimuli. In the past this stimulus has taken the form of a visual indicator, and the use of a similar non-spatial auditory indicator may shed some light on any possible interference caused as a resu lt of any multi-modal effects.Finally, due to the limitations enforced on more complicated research into auditory attention by the nature of producing spatial audio, it is desirable to confirm the previous results obtained by Spence and Driver (1994) in a virtual auditory environment. If the use of virtual audio is equivalent to previous findings, then this would allow the future use of virtual audio without the concern that by doing so may confound any results obtained. Hence any findings derived from this study will help further the theoretical knowledge of auditory attention and aid in the practical use of multisensory equipments.

Human Biology - Regulation and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Biology - Regulation and Control - Essay Example Noble et al (1964) denotes that males respond faster to responses than females (p. 945). In addition, Luchies et al. (2002) asserts that response is always high among the young individuals till the late twenties and reduces as the individual approaches fifty years to sixty years (p. 142). Through the experiment, we will identify the differences in the responses among different genders and age. Methodology and Procedure We will consider the responses of different individuals in order to come up with a typology that addresses the distinctions on how people respond to reactions. The experiment will involve the use of a sharp object that will be used to trigger a reaction on each individual. In reference to Kosinski (2010), an external body that comes into contact with the human skin causes an impulse in the nervous system and triggers a reaction. This experiment is aimed at showing how fast the individuals will react. Each of these individuals will be exposed to one prick at a time whil e holding a ruler on the other side. This is to allow the body nervous system to send only one impulse at a time. Kosinski (2010) asserts that this allows the body to react effectively. Exposure to several pricks will lead to a triggering of many responses and may take longer for the body to determine which response to carry out. The individual exposed to the prick is expected to drop the ruler once he senses the pain. The time differences on how each of the individual responds to the stimuli will be measured and recorded in a table. The time difference and the speed at which each individual releases the ruler will be calculated using the s  =  so  +  vot  +  ?at2 formulae. The time difference at which each individual releases the ruler will be recorded in the table below. The experiment will employ univariate analysis of descriptive statistics to test the hypothesis about the relationships or the differences in the population grounded on the measurements of the samples. Time by Student Time by Teacher Male Female Male Female The Sample The sample, as indicated in the objective of the experiment, will involve two factors that affect reaction times in individuals. According to Welford (1980), various factors affect an individual’s response to stimuli (p. 13). Sanders (1998, p. 23) assert that individuals respond differently to stimuli according to their age and gender. The experiment will use four students, both male and female, and four teachers, male and female. The Results After the experiment, the students showed a higher response than the teachers while male students and teachers had a higher response than the female teachers and students. Response Time by Student (seconds) Response Time by Teacher (Seconds) Male Female Male Female 0.12s 0.18s 0.18s 0.22s 0.16s 0.19s 0.185s 0.21s The Means are 0.14, 0.185, 0.1825, 0.215 seconds for male students, female students, male teachers and female teachers respectively. From the experiment, we can deduce that males have a lower reaction time than female, and as according to Rose et al (2002, p. 27), reaction time increases with an increase in ages. Though the experiment did not use a large sample, it gave us an idea on the factors that affect response to stimuli of individuals. However, the empirical assessment of individual response to stimuli obtained from this typology may require future additions. There is room for future research just like Whelan (2008,

Martin Luther Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Martin Luther - Essay Example Historians agree that he drew his inspiration from the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi and from his Christian faith as well. Based on the principles of non-violence, he was the leader of nonviolent movement in the late 1950’s and 1960’s. As a result of his determination, he contributed immensely towards realization of equality in the United States particularly among the Africa- Americans (The King Center para 2). Martin Luther was born in January 15, 1929 and attended segregated public schools in Georgia. He was born in a Christian family; his father served as a pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church and his mother was a co-pastor at the same church. After high school, he attended Morehouse Georgia where he graduated with B.A degree in 1948. He then attended Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania and later on won fellowship at Crozer which enabled him to enrol in graduate doctorate in 1953 at Boston University where he received a degree in 1955. While in Boston, he met Coretta Scott whom he married and they bore two sons and two daughters together (The Nobel Prize Organization para 1). He served as the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama from 1954. During his time as the pastor, he was a strong civil rights worker of his race. This was evidenced by the fact that he served as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored people executive committee m ember The Nobel Prize Organization para 2). Martin Luther was elected as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) president in 1957; SCLC was an organization that had been formed to provide leadership necessary for burgeoning civil rights movements (The Nobel Prize Organization para 3). In a span of eleven years (1957-1968), he travelled over six million miles and made over 2500 addresses regarding civil rights, injustice and need for action. In addition, he wrote five books and numerous articles aimed at addressing racial